Vibration-Based Monitoring of a 5-Story Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Building Prototype
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2023
Alexander Opazo-Vega, Franco Benedetti, Alan Jara-Cisterna
The construction of buildings with cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels has grown steadily in recent years, mainly because of the environmental advantages of wood over other building materials. However, there are still doubts about the dynamic behavior of CLT buildings in countries with high seismicity and how their dynamic properties vary with temperature and relative humidity changes. The present work shows the modal properties’ monitoring of a 5-story CLT building prototype. ...

The Ephemerality of Building: A Case Study of Material Life and Reuse
https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2023/328... [Case Study/Projects] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
Jack Loud
This project explores the ephemerality of buildings rather than continuing to reinforce the narrative that assumes buildings last forever. This assumption leads these materials to be left decaying without maintenance until they are uninhabitable, from which they are destroyed, and their materials are usually sent to a landfill. ...

Determining the optimal partition system of a modular building from a circular economy perspective: A multicriteria decision-making process
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2023
Prince Antwi-Afari, S. Thomas Ng, Ji Chen
To evaluate the impact potentials of materials, products, or systems, the existing approach has been to assess their environmental, economic, or social implications to influence decision-making. This has led the construction industry to an eco-efficient range of doing more with less. The current approach, though efficient, is not effective in causing the construction industry to achieve sustainable development. To attain sustainable development, there is the need for intentional design and detai...

Computational modelling of enclosure fires with exposed timber surfaces
https://hvlopen.brage.unit.no/hvlopen-xmlui/bitstr... [Fire Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
Martin D. Granum
The existing body of research exploring the use of CFD software for modelling fires involving exposed timber surfaces is limited. Additionally, the accuracy of results from these studies varies widely. However, interest in this area of research is growing due to its potential in facilitating safe, economically viable, and aesthetically pleasing building solutions. An investigation of the subject is here presented, aiming to contribute to this emerging field and provide insight into existing know...

Estimation of energy demand and greenhouse gas emission reduction effect of cross-laminated timber (CLT) hybrid wall using life cycle assessment for urban residential planning
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Bigyeong Shin, Seong Jin Chang, Seunghwan Wi, Sumin Kim
The building and construction sector accounted for 36% of final energy use and 37% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2020. According to a recent study, if the global population grows to 9.3 billion by 2050, new infrastructure development will cause approximately 350 Gt of CO2 emissions, corresponding to 35–60% of the remaining carbon budget available up to 2050 if the average temperature increase is to be limited to 2 °C. Material substitution is one way to reduce e...

Study of mass transfer and hygroscopic properties of Australian mass-timber panels and species in hot and humid conditions- moisture sorption and desorption
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174802... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2023
Maryam Shirmohammadi
Wood is a commonly used building material with numerous advantages over other construction products. However, in engineered wood products such as cross-laminated-timber and laminated veneer lumber moisture absorption can lead to decay, swelling, deformation, and glue line failures, diminishing their properties. Understanding moisture intrusion processes in these materials can aid manufacturers, engineers, and architects in developing effective moisture management strategies during and after cons...

Collapse Fragility of a 5-Story CLT Structure Under Chilean Subduction Earthquake Records
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-035... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2023
Alberto Aravena, Alan Hellman, Joaquín Miranda, Franco Silva, Diego Valdivieso Cascante
Mass timber structures have been utilized in North America, Europe, and Oceania, and are being evaluated in Latin America to decrease the housing shortage and the construction industrys contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. In Chile, where seismic activity is common, it is crucial to provide resilient timber structures that safeguard life safety and reduce earthquake-induced damage and repair costs. The Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework offers a practical alternative ...

Suitability of Aspen (Populus tremula L.) for cross-laminated timber (CLT)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372009957... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
Sumanta Das, MIROSLAV GAŠPARÍK GAŠPARÍK, Anil Kumar Sethy, Peter Niemz
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) CLT is an excellent material for building and high load-bearing structural applications, but its fabrication and use are limited to softwood only. The suitability of aspen (Populus tremula L) wood for manufacturing CLT was assessed by using two adhesives, one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Physical properties like water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), delamination, and mechanical properties like bond shear strength, bending modu...

The Quality Assessment of Timber Structural Joints Using the Coaxial Correlation Method
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/8/1929... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Viktors Kurtenoks, Aleksis Kurajevs, Karina Buka-Vaivade, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis, Viktors Mironovs, Andrejs Podkoritovs, Martins Vilnitis
With the growing popularity of timber structures, the requirement for reliable and non-destructive methods to assess the quality and condition of structural joints becomes increasingly essential. A novel coaxial correlations method is investigated to assess the degradation of panel-to-panel moment joints in timber structures. The method involves analysing the response data obtained from accelerometers placed on both sides of the joint and comparing the readings to evaluate the joint’s condition....

Setting baselines of the embodied, operational and whole life carbon emissions of the average Spanish residential building
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Borja Izaola, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki, Xabat Oregi
The construction sector, responsible for 37 % of global greenhouse gas emissions and 36 % of global energy consumption, is transitioning towards a low-carbon and low-energy model. Measuring and optimising Operational Energy and related emissions in the use phase of buildings has entered both markets and regulations. However, the Embodied Energy within construction materials and respective maintenance and end-of-life processes is still in the research phase. Moreover, Global Warming Potential bas...

A Design-to-Fabrication Workflow for Free-Form Timber Structures Using Offcuts
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2023
Dominik Reisach, Stephan Schütz, Jan Willmann, Sven Schneider
Currently, the timber industry in the European Union incinerates up to 80% of its waste wood, releasing its embodied CO2 into the atmosphere while producing energy. This practice also affects offcuts, a waste material from structural timber production, mostly because of aesthetic imperfections. However, there are potential architectural use cases for this material that extend its lifetime beyond downcycling. Therefore, we propose to employ these offcuts as load-bearing elements of free-form timb...

An urban ‘age of timber’? Tensions and contradictions in the low-carbon imaginary of the bioeconomic city
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/25148... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2023
Bregje van Veelen, Sarah Knuth
What will the low-carbon cities of tomorrow be made from? We see an unexpected answer today in the return of ‘premodern’/‘preindustrial’ materials to central cities and skylines. Champions of new mass timber materials have driven a race on iconic ‘plyscrapers’ and, increasingly, novel systems of industrial prefabrication. Drawing on the notion of sociotechnical imaginaries, we explore how advocates attempt to ‘fix’ desirable future cities and urban bioeconomies through this biomaterial. In doing...

Review of the Performance of CLT Wall-To-Floor Connections for a Multi-Storey Modular Building using Irish Timber
https://www.universityofgalway.ie/media/timberengi... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2023
Rimjhim Kashyap, Conan O’Ceallaigh, Patrick J. McGetrick, Annette M. Harte
In recent years, the focus has shifted toward more sustainable construction methods. Crosslaminated timber (CLT) has emerged as an excellent material in terms of structural properties and environmental impact. Across Europe, C24-grade timber is primarily used for the manufacture of CLT and hence most of the research data available is for CLT of this grade. However, Ireland has an increasing supply of C16-grade Sitka spruce timber and studies have shown that C16-grade Irish timber is suitable fo...

Seismic Performance and LCA Comparison between Concrete and Timber–Concrete Hybrid Buildings
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/7/1714... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Xiaoyue Zhang, Wanru Huang, Mehdi Khajehpour, Mehrdad Asgari, Thomas Tannert
The growing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable building materials has led to an increasing interest in hybrid timber-concrete construction. These structures combine the advantages of the two materials, potentially reducing the carbon footprint, shortening construction timelines, and improving seismic and building physics performance. Herein the structural and environmental performance of ten-story timber-concrete hybrid and a pure concrete building, designed for the Guiz...

Evaluating the Shear Stiffness of Asymmetric Angle-Ply Layers in Diagonal Cross-laminated Timber
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3001955/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Shaghayegh kurzinski, Paul Crovella
The perpendicular orientation of the cross-layer (s) makes Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) susceptible to rolling shear failure and reduced stiffness in bending. Under out-of-plane bending, rolling shear failure occurs in the cross layers along the radial-tangential plane. This weakness in CLT panels could be improved by varying the grain orientation of the cross-layers away from perpendicular-to-grain (90°), and closer to parallel-to-grain (0°). This paper studies the shear stiffness of a pair of ...

Numerical analysis of buckling behaviour of timber-encased steel composite columns under axial compression
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174802... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2022
Feiyang Xu, Xinmiao Meng, Qibin Hu, Ying Gao
Timber (e.g. Douglas-fir, spruce-pine-fir)-encased steel composite (TESC) columns provide a feasible application for timber in large-scale and high-rise structures. However, the load-carrying mechanism and buckling behaviour of TESC columns have not been thoroughly studied. This paper investigates the axial load distribution and buckling behaviour of TESC columns with embedded H-section steel through finite element (FE) analysis. FE models were built and validated by the experimental results. A ...

The sawmill yield increase potential with manufacturing increased wane and random width boards for engineered wood products
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174802... [Commercial/Company Information] [Journal Article] 2023
Bruno Monteiro Balboni, Sylvester T. Chatukuta, Barry Muller, C. Brand Wessels
The objective of this study was to assess the potential gains in log processing yield when integrating sawmill and engineered wood products manufacturing, a process which enables the use of random board widths and higher wane allowances than normal. The simulation was utilized and validated against real log sawing. The validation study showed that simulations consistently over-estimated the actual volume recovery by 2.1%. Simulation results showed that logs with smaller diameters returned higher...

Characteristics of Polyurethane Cross-Laminated Timber Made from a Combination of Pine and Coconut
https://sylvalestari.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
Muhammad Iqbal Adi Baskara, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, Fauzi Febrianto, Wahyu Hidayat
The objective of this study was to assess the properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) fabricated from the combination of Sumatran pine (P) and coconut trunk (C) bonded with polyurethane adhesive. The basic properties of raw materials and adhesives were characterized. The CLT panels’ length, width, and thickness are 100 cm by 30 cm by 3.6 cm, respectively. Three-layer CLT was made with 4 combinations of face/core/back lamina, i.e., PPP, CCC, PCP, and CPC, which are arranged perpendicular to ea...

A Solution Method for Creating Laminated Wood Panels with Revalorized Wood Boards
https://matheo.uliege.be/handle/2268.2/16974... [Raw Materials] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
Tanguy Spécia
The increasing demand for natural resources and the environmental commitments towards sustainable practices have led to a surge of interest in finding efficient solutions for the two-dimensional problem of creating laminated wood panels with revalorized wood boards. To address this challenge, sustainable and circular solutions are imperative. This thesis presents an exact solution to the problem, establishing its NP-hardness and justifying the need for an approximation method. This final solutio...

Fire spread in a large compartment with exposed cross-laminated timber and open ventilation conditions: #FRIC-01 – Exposed ceiling
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Andreas Sæter Bøe, Kathinka Leikanger Friquin, Daniel Brandon, Anne Steen-Hansen, Ivar S. Ertesvåg
Exposing cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures in buildings is increasingly popular in modern buildings. However, large timber surfaces, window facades, and different geometries can change the fire dynamics in a compartment. The effect of those parameters, therefore, needs to be studied. Two large-scale CLT compartment fire experiments (95 m2) have consequently been performed. The experiments were designed to represent a modern office building with an open-plan space and large window openings....