Evaluation of Bonding Strength of Larch Cross-Laminated Timber
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307524531... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2016
Yo-Jin Song, Soon-Il Hong
The delamination along the annual ring on the cross-section of laminae and the bonding strength according to the tangential angle between laminae were evaluated for the production of 3-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch. Since there is no standard for CLT in Korea, the production and test of specimens for bonding strength followed the standard procedure of "Structural glued laminated timber" (KS F 3021). The standard specifies to exclude any measurement from the cracks of timb...

Behaviour of Loaded Cross-Laminated Timber Wall Elements in Fire Conditions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282541159... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Joachim Schmid, Agnese Menis, Massimo Fragiacomo, Isaia Clemente, Giovanna Bochicchio
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is increasingly being used in medium-rise timber buildings for a number of reasons, such as rapidity of construction, cost effectiveness and robustness. Like for other building materials, verification of the load-bearing performance in fire conditions is an important issue. Experimental fire tests have been performed on loaded CLT wall elements at research institutes in Sweden and Italy. In total, three large-scale and four medium-scale tests have been carried out. T...

Deflection of CLT Shear Walls in Platform Construction
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327764550... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Md Shahnewaz, Thomas Tannert, Marjan Popovski, M. Shahria Alam
This paper contains the research results of a study related to developing an approach to estimate the deflection of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) shear walls for platform-framed construction. In order to account for the total deflection at the top of the wall, the contributions of connections and the CLT panels are considered. The connection contributions are accounted for through wall sliding and rocking, whereas the contribution of the CLT panels is estimated from the bending and shear deformat...

Monotonic and cyclic load testing of partially and fully anchored wood-frame shear walls
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289964456... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2009
P. Seaders, Rakesh Gupta, T.H. Miller
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of wood-frame shear walls under monotonic and cyclic loads by: 1) determining variability of shear wall performance; 2) comparing performance of walls under each loading protocol; 3) evaluating effects of anchorage on wall performance; and 4) evaluating performance of walls qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to codedefined performance measures. Sets of tests consisting of eight partially and two fully anchored walls were co...

MAT252-1 Code Applications for Nail-laminated Timber, Glued-laminated Timber and Cross-laminated Timber
https://awc.org/education/main/lists/mat-materials... [Standards/Building code] [Others] 2019
American Wood Council
This presentation will focus on Nail-laminated Timber (NLT), Glued-laminated Timber (GLT) and Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) structural framing members. NLT and GLT has been adopted in the IBC and utilized throughout the world for several decades on a wide variety of buildings. Often selected for aesthetic reasons or its unparalleled design flexibility, both offer superior structural performance combined with long term durability. CLT has been recently incorporated in AWC's National Design Spec...

What is cross laminated timber (CLT)?
https://awc.org/faqs/materials/clt/what-is-cross-l... [General Information] [Others] 2019
American Wood Council
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a prefabricated engineered wood product consisting of at least three layers of solid-sawn lumber or structural composite lumber where the adjacent layers are cross-oriented and bonded with structural adhesive to form a solid wood element. Panels are prefabricated based on the project design and arrive at the job site with windows and doors pre-cut. Size varies by manufacturer, but they can include 3, 5, 7 or more layers....

Design of Cross-Laminated Timber in Fire
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317019215... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Michael Klippel, Joachim Schmid
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a popular engineered wood product for loadbearing wall, floor and roof elements to realise innovative and high-quality modern timber structures. The behaviour of CLT panels exposed to fire requires careful evaluation to allow the expansion of CLT elements' usage in buildings. This paper first presents a new charring model for timber in general and CLT specifically, based on the results of numerous fire tests with CLT and the current fire design according to EN 199...

Apparent sound insulation in cross-laminated timber buildings
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/fullte... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Report] 2017
Hoeller, Christoph; Mahn, Jeffrey; Quirt, David; Schoenwald, Stefan; Zeitler, Berndt
This Report presents the results from experimental studies of airborne sound transmission, together with an explanation of calculation procedures to predict the apparent airborne sound transmission between adjacent spaces in a building whose construction is based on cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. There are several types of CLT constructions which are commercially available in Canada, but this study only focused on CLT panels that have adhesive between the faces of the timber elements ...

Fire Demonstration: Cross-Laminated Timber Stair/Elevator Shaft
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2015
Joseph Su, Saša Muradori
The consortium of Nordic Wood Structures, EBC and Yvan Blouin Architect are designing a 13-storey residential building using a mass timber structure. The project, named Origine is proposed to be located in the eco-neighbourhood of Pointe-aux- Lièvres in Quebec City and to start construction in spring 2015. The mass timber structure would be composed primarily of glue-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber (CLT). The cross-laminated timber consists of at least three orthogonally bonded layer...

Mid-Rise Wood: Characterization of Hygrothermal Properties
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object... [Moisture/Durability] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2014
Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya, Sladana Bundalo-Perc, David van Reenen, J. Wang
To evaluate the building envelope performance of the generic exterior wall assemblies developed for use in mid-rise wood buildings, hygrothermal properties of materials used in the assemblies are needed as input data for hygrothermal modelling. Hygrothermal properties were developed for fire retardant treated plywood, regular gypsum sheathing, spray polyurethane foam and cross-laminated timber. This report documents results of the hygrothermal property determinations....

Analysis on Structureborne Sound Transmission at Junctions of Solid Wood Double Walls with Continuous Floors
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2014
Stefan Schoenwald, Berndt Zeitler, Ivan Sabourin
Structure-borne sound transmission across a cross-junction of double solid timber walls with a solid timber floor was analyzed in a recent research project. Both, the double walls as well as floor slab, were of so-called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). The floor slab was continuous across the junction for structural reasons and thus, formed a sound bridge between the elements of the double wall. To gain a better understanding of the contributions of sound transmission between the wall and floor e...

Fire Testing of Rooms with Exposed Wood Surfaces in Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2018
Joseph Su, Patrice Leroux, Pier-Simon Lafrance, Robert Berzins, Eric Gibbs, Mark Weinfurter
In early 2018, with funding support from Natural Resources Canada and the Province of Ontario, the National Research Council Canada conducted a series of room scale fire tests of Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction (EMTC). The goal of this test series is to further quantify the contribution of mass timber elements to fires and provide additional data for forming the technical basis for exposed mass timber elements in EMTC buildings without significantly increasing fire risks to life and proper...

Fire Endurance of Cross-Laminated Timber Floor and Wall Assemblies for Tall Wood Buildings
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2014
Joseph Su, Audrey Roy-Poirier, Patrice Leroux, Pier-Simon Lafrance, Karl Gratton, Eric Gibbs, Robert Berzins
Standard fire endurance tests were performed on a full-scale floor assembly and a full-scale wall assembly constructed with cross-laminated timber (CLT) as the main structural element. The full-scale floor assembly consisted of CLT panels encapsulated with fiberglass wool and a single layer of 15.9 mm thick Type X gypsum board on the exposed side and with two layers of 12.7 mm thick cement board on the unexposed side. The full-scale wall assembly was constructed from CLT panels encapsulated with...

Why XLam?
https://www.xlam.co.nz/Why-XLam.html... [Commercial/Company Information] [Web Page] 2019
XLam
At XLam, we pride ourselves on the fact that we are the first ever business to establish CLT products down under. Our ambition is to be the leading provider of sustainable building solutions throughout New Zealand, Australia and beyond. Alongside this, we carry our new-found goal, to become a fully integrated solution provider. Focusing on our highly tenable and efficient methods, we strive to bestow original and expansive ways to design, manufacture and install XLam building solutions on every ...

Predicting the Fire Dynamics of Exposed Timber Surfaces in Compartments Using a Two-Zone Model
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs1... [null] [Journal Article] 2018
Colleen Wade, Michael Spearpoint, Charles Fleischmann, Greg Baker, Anthony Abu
There is an increasing desire to use more engineered timber products in buildings, due to the perceived aesthetics of timber and desire for more sustainable architecture. However, there are concerns about fire performance of these products especially in taller buildings. This has led to renewed research to understand the behaviour of timber surfaces in compartments exposed to fire. This paper describes a two-zone calculation model for determining the fire environment within a compartment constru...

Modeling the impact of assembly tolerances regarding air leaks on the energy efficiency and durability of a cross-laminated timber structure
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/modeli... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2019
Martin, U., Blanchet, P., and Potvin, A.
Air leaks have a considerable impact on the energy load and durability of buildings, particularly in cold climates. In wood construction using cross-laminated timber (CLT), air leaks are most likely to be concentrated at the joints between panels and other elements. This study used simulations of heat, air, and moisture transfers through a gap between two CLT panels causing air leakage in winter conditions under a cold climate. A real leakage occurrence was sized to validate the simulations. The...

An Exploratory Study of Composite Cross-Laminated Timber (CCLT) Made from Bamboo and Hemlock-fir Mix
http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/v... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2019
Peixing Wei, Brad Jianhe Wang, Libin Wang, Yongqi Wang, Guangrong Yang, Jinhua Liu
This work investigated the feasibility of manufacturing composite cross-laminated timber (CCLT) from bamboo and a western hemlock and amabilis fir mix (hem-fir). Bamboo parallel strand lumber (bamboo PSL) was first fabricated as the surface laminae of CCLT. No. 2 and Btr 2×6 western hem-fir dimension lumber was imported from British Columbia (BC), Canada. The lumber was then sorted and further dried to form the inner laminae of CCLT. Multiple 800 × 800-mm CLT billets were fabricated using a comm...

Effect of different thickness of the layers of cross-laminated timber made from Chinese fir on the mechanical performance
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/effect... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Xinmeng Wang, Yilin Que, Yunhui Hu, Guichao Jiang, Zeli Que
Under the premise of an unchanging total thickness in cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from Chinese fir, research into the effect of different CLT laminate thicknesses on the mechanical performance (bending and shear performance) was performed using the existing CLT static analysis theory to calculate and compare the bending performance of CLT specimens. The results showed that at constant total thickness the bending performance increased, the shear performance worsened, and the destruction mod...

Experimental and numerical investigations of cross-laminated timber elements at in-plane beam loading conditions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Mario Jeleč, Henrik Danielsson, Vlatka Rajčić, Erik Serrano
Cross laminated timber (CLT) at in-plane beam loading conditions presents a complex stress state wherefore several failure modes and geometry parameters need to be considered in design. The work presented here includes experimental investigations of CLT beams for comparison and validation of an analytical model and design proposals previously suggested by the authors. All relevant failure modes are considered; bending failure and shear failure modes I, II and III. The main focus is, however, on ...

A proposal for the capacity-design at wall- and building-level in light-frame and cross-laminated timber buildings
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10518... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Daniele Casagrande, Ghasan Doudak, Andrea Polastri
Due to the brittle nature of wood material, the dissipation of seismic energy in timber structures is typically ensured through yielding of the mechanical connectors, where plastic deformations are developed in fasteners that have adequate ductility and cycle-fatigue strength. These structural components are denoted dissipative zones, whereas all other structural elements are assumed to behave elastically. Such elements are designated as non-dissipative zones and are designed with sufficient ove...