Design Charts for a Single Spanned Timber Beam Under Bending – Part 2: Floor Structures with Inhomogeneous Beam Cross-Section
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ba... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Thomas Moosbrugger, Thomas Bogensperger, Harald Krenn
This paper presents an application of design charts for inhomogeneous cross‐sections (layered composite section) and the implementation of vibration design criteria as extension of the charts for beams with homogeneous cross‐sections in roof‐structures according to selected European Design Standards published in [1]. While ULS and SLS criteria were nearly equally governing for the homogeneous cross‐section, mainly SLS criteria are now governing due to the extension with vibrations and the influe...

CLT Beams Loaded In Plane Direction – Part 2: Tapered CLT Beams and CLT Beams with Holes or Notches
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ba... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Marcus Flaig
Based on Eurocode 5 equations for the calculation of strength reduction factors for glulam beams, a method to determine the bending strength of CLT beams with tapered edges is presented. The strength properties of CLT beams needed as input values are defined in dependence of the beam layup taking into account possible failure modes. For CLT beams with holes or notches stress based design approaches are introduced. For the calculation of stresses perpendicular to the beam axis existing approaches...

Basic Test Method for Valuation of Shear Strength of Cross Laminated Timber
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ba... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2013
Heinrich Kreuzinger, Mike Sieder
In the context of the approval in individual cases for application of glued in fasteners in cross laminated timber at the project “Timber Tower” (wind power station with timber tower) the authors have prepared an expertise for the load‐bearing capacity and the fatigue behavior of the connection. Thereby some additional questions arose, for example the strength value of the cross laminated timber in case of stress as a shear field....

Optimizing Bonding Conditions for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Using Low Density Hybrid Poplar
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/honors_... [Raw Materials] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2015
Aaron Weidman
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) technology has been growing in the EU and Canada since the early 1990s and utilizes the mechanical properties of structural grade lumber to create a strong panel product for use in floor, ceiling and wall systems. The hypothesis of this project was that CLT panels made from non-structural lumber from lightweight species could also meet the performance criteria of the CLT product Standard. The objective of this project was to compare bond integrity in an optimized hyb...

Cyclic Performance of Connections used in Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduat... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2017
Vahid Mahdavifar
One of the recent additions to the panoply of engineered wood products is cross-laminated timber (CLT). CLT is a prefabricated, large-scale, solid wood panel that consists of multiple layers of lumbers stacked together, with each layer arranged perpendicular to the next layer, glued with structural grade adhesives, and pressed. The use of massive CLT panels in wood construction provides several advantages over the traditional wood frame systems, making it particularly attractive for tall wood bu...

Establishing New Markets for CLT - Lessons Learned
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduat... [Markets] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2017
Gabriel Schwarzmann
CLT is becoming global. New countries and regions increasingly realize the potential of what can be done with CLT. As a result, new markets are forming and new companies are entering the industry. Every new region or country that opens its doors to CLT has its own challenges and opportunities. However, there is the unique opportunity to learn from the existing Original Market in Europe and the companies that have been successful there for many years. Especially the German-speaking alpine region ...

Artificial Neural Network for Assessment of Energy Consumption and Cost for Cross Laminated Timber Office Building in Severe Cold Regions
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/84... [Economics/Costs] [Journal Article] 2018
Qi Dong, Kai Xing, Hongrui Zhang
This paper aims to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the energy consumption and cost of cross laminated timber (CLT) office buildings in severe cold regions during the early stage of architectural design. Eleven variables were selected as input variables including building form and construction variables, and the values of input variables were determined by local building standards and surveys. ANNs were trained by the simulation data and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method...

Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in the Operation Stage of Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in China
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/292... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Haibo Guo, Ying Liu, Wen-Shao Chang, Yu Shao, Cheng Sun
This paper focused on energy consumption and carbon emission for heating and cooling during a building’s operation stage, and examined the energy effects of using Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an alternative building material to reinforced concrete (RC) in China’s 31 key cities located in different climate zones. The authors designed two seven-story residential buildings, which were constructed with RC framed and CLT systems, separately. This was followed by simulating the energy consumption u...

Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/10/1047/htm... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Ying Liu, Haibo Guo, Cheng Sun, Wen-Shao Chang
Timber building has gained more and more attention worldwide due to it being a generic renewable material and having low environmental impact. It is widely accepted that the use of timber may be able to reduce the embodied energy of a building. However, the development of timber buildings in China is not as rapid as in some other countries. This may be because of the limitations of building regulations and technological development. Several new policies have been or are being implemented in Chin...

Cross-Laminated Timber Under In-Plane Bending Stress
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/100003558... [Mechanical Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2013
Marcus Flaig
The use of cross laminated timber (CLT) for the manufacture of loadcarrying members in timber structures has increased steadily in recent years. Nevertheless, until today the material, consisting of orthogonally bonded layers of board lamellae, is mainly used for the production of panel-like components, such as walls, floor- or roof-panels....

Finger-Jointed Frame Corners and Tapered Beams of Cross-Laminated Timber
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/100004703... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Report] 2015
Hans Joachim Blaß, Marcus Flaig
The report describes the experimental and analytical research that was carried out for the development of large double pitched beams and three hinged frames made of cross laminated timber. The results are used to derive of design approaches for large finger joints in cross laminated timber....

CLT-Steel Hybrid System: Ductility and Overstrength Values Based on Static Pushover Analysis
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CF.1... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2014
Carla Dickof, Siegfried Stiemer, Matiyas Bezabeh, Solomon Tesfamariam
A timber-steel hybrid system, where cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels are used as infill in steel moment resisting frames, is analytically investigated. The proposed hybrid system combines ductile behavior of steel moment frame with lighter and stiffer CLT panels. Initial parametric study is carried out with a single-bay-single-story model using pushover analysis to investigate effect of CLT panel thickness, crushing strength, and confinement gap. Results showed that the parameters studi...

Equivalent Viscous Damping for Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29ST.1... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Matiyas Bezabeh, Solomon Tesfamariam, Siegfried Stiemer
In the direct displacement-based design method, energy dissipative capacity of structures can be represented by an equivalent viscous damping (EVD). A number of studies have been reported in the formulation of EVD for different structural systems and hysteretic models. In this paper, an EVD model is developed and calibrated for steel-timber hybrid structures, where cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels are used as an infill in steel moment-resisting frames (SMRFs). To develop the EVD model, ...

Blast Testing of Loaded Cross-Laminated Timber Structures
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784481349.... [Other] [Conference Paper] 2018
Mark Weaver, Charles Newberry, Lisa Podesto, Casey O’Laughlin
Results from a series of blast tests performed in October 2016 on three two-story, single-bay cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures demonstrated the ability of CLT construction to resist airblast loads in a predictable fashion. These tests were performed on structures without superimposed load to limit inertial resistance. Subsequently, a follow-on series of tests was performed to investigate the response of axially-loaded CLT construction. Panels damaged during the preceding test were removed...

Construction Management for Tall CLT Buildings: From Partial to Total Prefabrication of Façade Elements
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2015
Eugenia Gasparri, Angelo Lucchini, Gabriele Mantegazza, Enrico Mazzucchelli
Cross-Laminated Timber is one of the most widely used engineered wood products, thanks to its numerous advantages, among which construction speed is the most appreciated, both by clients and by designers. However, construction scheduling compression refers exclusively to CLT structures, while the rest of the construction process still requires a longer phase to complete vertical enclosures. The aim of the research work presented in this paper is to outline advantages brought about when the degre...

Numerical Investigation of the Fire Resistance of Protected Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Panels
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2749/101686... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2012
Agnese Menis, Massimo Fragiacomo, Isaia Clemente
Several experimental investigations have been performed on timber elements to determine their fire resistance. However, the numerical modelling is nowadays an effective and inexpensive alternative method to investigate the behaviour of timber structures during fire. Once validated on experimental data, finite element models can be used to understand more in detail the experimental behaviour and then used to carry out parametric studies in which geometrical, mechanical and thermal properties are ...

Energy Saving Building in Mountain Area
https://www.scientific.net/AMR.1057.27... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2014
Lukáš Bosák, Milan Palko
The main intention of this report is solution of energy-saving building in mountain area, which uses the resources of the natural environment. It is the building of the mountain hotel in this concrete case. Firstly, there is solved the energy concept of the building which uses natural resources. There is also described the design of a building, which is designed in an overwhelming majority as a wooden building. The constructions are handled with an aspect of their thermal properties. There has ...

Optical Fiber Sensor for Timber Structure Monitoring
https://www.scientific.net/AMM.827.344... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2016
Jan Vcelák, Petr Kuklík, Richard Zelený, Lukáš Velebil, Milan Dvorák, Jaroslav Demuth
The paper deals with the experimental analysis focused on the determination of strain in wooden building structures using optical fibers with FBG sensors. Firstly, optical fibers were used to measure displacements of layers and surface strain of the lower surface of the ceiling panels made from mechanically jointed cross laminated timber (CLT). The measured displacement values of the optical fibers were compared with the results obtained from the inductive displacement sensors. Secondly, optical...

Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings – Phase 2: Task 1 - Literature Review
https://www.awc.org/pdf/tmt/TMT-LiteratureReviewTa... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2016
Daniel Brandon, Birgit Östman
This literature review is part of the Fire Protection Research Foundation project on Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings and focuses on the contribution of wood based construction to compartment fires. In order to provide a basis for experimental research, predictive models and comparative studies, this literature review includes a summary of 41 fire test of compartments comprising exposed or protected wood based construction and 4 reference tests of compartments comprising non-combust...

Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings. Phase 2: Task 4 - Engineering Methods
https://www.awc.org/pdf/tmt/TMT-PerformanceDesign-... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2018
Daniel Brandon
Recent architectural trends include the design and construction of tall buildings with visible structural members comprised of mass timber. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is such a mass timber material and is increasingly used for tall buildings because of a combination of advantages regarding its structural performance, low environmental impact and more. As timber is a combustible material, CLT can become involved in the fire if it is not protected against the fire. Previous tests have shown that...