Hygrothermal Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Wall Assemblies: A Stochastic Approach
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2016
Lin Wang, Hua Ge
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have the potential market in North America for building mid-rise or even taller structures due to their good structural and fire safety performance, carbon storage capacity, light weight, and prefabricated nature. However, prolonged exposure to moisture during construction and in service is a durability concern for most wood products including CLT. This paper presents the evaluation of the hygrothermal performance of CLT wall assemblies through simulations usi...

The Ekihouse: An Energy Self-Sufficient House Based on Passive Design Strategies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Case Study/Projects] [Journal Article] 2014
Olatz Irulegi, Luis Torres, Antonio Serra, Isabel Mendizabal, Rosa Hernández
The Ekihouse is an industrialized solar house prototype, designed and developed by the University of the Basque Country for the SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2012 competition held in Madrid (Spain). The building design strategies are based on the full integration of active—passive solar technologies and passive design criteria in order to achieve an energy self-sufficient proposal, providing high quality of life to its occupants. Despite its intentionally small surface area (54.6 m2), the house can be ...

Lifecycle Primary Energy Analysis of Low-Energy Timber Building Systems for Multi-Storey Residential Buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Ambrose Dodoo, Leif Gustavsson, Roger Sathre
A system-wide lifecycle approach is used here to explore the primary energy implications of three timber building systems for a multi-storey building designed to a high energy-efficiency level. The three building systems are: cross laminated timber, beam -and-column, and modular prefabricated systems. The analysis considers the energy and material flows in the production, use and post-use lifecycle stages of the buildings. The effects of insulation material options and the contribution of differ...

Fire Resistance of Unprotected Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Panels: Parametric Study and Simplified Design
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Agnese Menis, Massimo Fragiacomo, IsaiaC lemente
The larger use of cross-laminated timber (XLAM) panels as structural elements has taken the attention of the practitioners and researchers on their design in fire conditions. Simplified analytical design methods for fire resistance of timber structures are provided by the current European standard namely the EN 1995-1-2, however no provisions for XLAM floor panel are provided. The paper presents the results of a parametric investigation carried out on unprotected XLAM floor panels with different...

Numerical Simulation of Fire Integrity Resistance of Full-Scale Gypsum-Faced Cross-Laminated Timber Wall
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Van Diem Thi, Mourad Khelifa, Marc Oudjene, Mohammed El Ganaoui, Yann Rogaume
Fire design requires three fire resistance criteria, namely integrity, insulation and load-bearing. In particular, repartition wall systems used in residential and commercial buildings are required to provide certification of insulation and integrity fire resistance and have to be analysed in the context of the characteristic time scales of a fire. This paper presents a numerical methodology to simulate the fire integrity resistance of full-scale timber-based wall systems exposed to fire. The ma...

Impact of Air-Gap Design to Hygro-thermal Properties and Mould Growth Risk Between Concrete Foundation and CLT Frame
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2017
Filip Fedorik, Antti Haapala
The presented work deals with hygro-thermal numerical simulation and mould growth risk evaluation between concrete foundation and frame of multi-story building made of CLT element modules. Structural CLT modules represent an approach towards wood material utilization in construction as its strength achieves markedly higher values then common structural wooden elements and makes rapid erection of the building possible. Although there are great promises that the novel CLT structures will gain grou...

Impact of Cracks to the Hygrothermal Properties of CLT Water Vapour Resistance and Air Permeability
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2017
Villu Kukk, R. Horta, M. Püssa, G. Luciani, Heikko Kallakas, Targo Kalamees, Jaan Kers
Current research is focused on crack formation and propagation in cross laminated timber (CLT) panels and its impacts on the water vapour resistance and air permeability of panels. Crack formation was examined by means of climate tests with five layer CLT-panels with a thickness of 95 mm. Results of climate tests showed that decreasing the moisture content (MC) from 11 % to 7 % caused mean crack widths in panels of 0.27 mm and 0.38 mm, and an MC decreasing from 17 % to 7 % caused mean crack widt...

Experimental Verification of Design Procedure for Elements from Cross-Laminated Timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2017
Karina Buka-Vaivade, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Vadims Goremikins, Aivars Vilguts, Leonids Pakrastins
Cross-laminated timber is widely used for load-bearing walls and panels of multi-storey timber buildings as well as for decking structure of pedestrian and road bridges. Design procedure for elements from cross-laminated timber was considered and validated by the experiment and FEM. The design procedure is based on the transformed section method. Eight cross-laminated timber panels with span equal to 1.8 m were experimentally checked under the action of static load. The difference between the ex...

Modeling of Orthotropic Plates out of Cross Laminated Timber in the Mid and High Frequency Range
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Christoph Winter, Martin Buchschmid, Gerhard Müller
Within the context of efficient and sustainable design of buildings a trend towards lightweight structures, e.g. timber structures, is recognizable. This trend implies the necessity of being able to predict serviceability and comfort as well as sound transmission in order to fulfill vibroacoustic requirements. To generate reliable prediction methods, the transfer of energy between building components has to be investigated. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the modeling of the building comp...

Design Methods of Elements from Cross-Laminated Timber Subjected to Flexure
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705815017713/1-s2.0-S1... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Aivars Vilguts, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Leonids Pakrastins
Design methods of cross-laminated timber elements subjected to bending is considered. The methods are based on LVS EN 1995–1–1. The presented methods were checked by the experiment and analytically. Two cross-laminated timber plates with the total thickness of 95 mm were tested under action of static load. The considered cross-laminated timber plates were analysed by FEM method, which is based on the using of computational program ANSYSv14. The comparison of stresses acting in the edge fibres of...

Low Carbon Construction Systems Using Prefabricated Engineered Solid Wood Panels for Urban Infill to Significantly Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2013
Steffen Lehmann
Low-carbon prefabricated modular construction systems, using prefabricated engineered solid wood panel construction systems, such as load-bearing cross-laminated timber panels, and ‘design for disassembly’ principles will offer significant opportunities for greenhouse gas emission reduction and waste avoidance, among other benefits. However, introducing such innovative and sustainable construction systems to the Australian construction industries and housing markets has its challenges. This pape...

Lessons Learned from Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing of Two Residential Towers at the University of British Columbia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Zahra Teshnizi, Angelique Pilon, Stefan Storey, Diana Lopez, Thomas Froese
The University of British Columbia has an interest in incorporating life cycle environmental impacts and financial information into project planning, as well as research and teaching. As part of a tall wood building research program with the UBC Sustainability Initiative and Dept. of Civil Engineering, a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) study was done of two student high-rise residential buildings, based on the result of whole building LCA done by Athena Sus...

Correlation between Sound Insulation and Occupants’ Perception – Proposal of Alternative Single Number Rating of Impact Sound
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Fredrik Ljunggren, Christian Simmons, Klas Hagberg
Traditionally, multi-family houses have been constructed using heavy, homogenous materials like concrete and masonry. But as a consequence of the progress of lightweight building systems during the last decades, it has been questioned whether standardized sound insulation evaluation methods still are appropriate. An extensive measurement template has been applied in a field survey where several vibrational and acoustical parameters were determined in ten Swedish buildings of various construction...

Multi-Scale Model Updating for the Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Erick Saavedra Flores, Rafic Ajaj, Iman Dayyani, Yatish Chandra, Raj Das
In this paper we propose a homogenisation-based four-scale model for the mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber. The spatial scales considered in this study are the wood cell-wall, the wood fibres, growth rings and the structural scale. The computational homogenisation scheme is solved sequently from the lowest to the highest level in order to determine the effective mechanical properties of each material scale. As we are interested in improving the predictions of our computational simu...

Earthquake Design of Timber Structures – Remarks on Force-Based Design Procedures for Different Wall Systems
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Werner Seim, Johannes Hummel, Tobias Vogt
Timber structures exhibit excellent performance under earthquake impact if all structural members and details are designed and constructed correctly. As force-based design is most used in engineering practice, the decisive strength and stiffness parameters will be explained. Reference will be made to light-frame structures and cross laminated timber (CLT), which are most common for wall elements to transfer horizontal loading. The focus lies on the explanation of the post-processing of experimen...

Load-Slip Behaviour of Steel-Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Composite Connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2016
Amirhossein Hassanieh, Hamid Valipour, Mark Bradford
Connecting cross laminated timber (CLT) panels to steel girders using mechanical connectors (e.g. screws and bolts) is an attractive and novel method for developing a fully prefabricated and sustainable hybrid steel-timber composite (STC) floor that can also facilitate future dismantling and recycling of its structural components. Since the structural performance of composite floors (including STC systems) is significantly influenced by strength and stiffness of slab-to-girder composite joints, ...

Economic-Design Optimization of Cross Laminated Timber Plates with Ribs
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Economics/Costs] [Journal Article] 2016
Andjelka Stanic, Blaž Hudobivnik, Boštjan Brank
An economic-design optimization of cross-laminated timber (CLT) plate with stiffening ribs is presented. For the structural analysis, an enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid finite element is used. It behaves well for thin plates (with no shear locking) and delivers reasonable approximations for the transverse shear stresses in layered composites. Eurocodes 5 (EC5) are followed in defining the optimization constraints, which include deflections, stresses and fundamental eigenfrequency. The gradie...

Dynamic Response of CLT Plate Systems in the Context of Timber and Hybrid Construction
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2016
Jan Weckendorf, Ebenezer Ussher, Ian Smith
An experimental investigation of low amplitude dynamic responses of cross-laminated-timber (CLT) floors is presented to illuminate effects of variables like plan aspect ratio, support conditions and CLT type. Data extraction and analysis focus on determination of modal frequencies and damping. Practical implications of results are discussed in the context of vibration serviceability....

Critical Factors in the Willingness to Adopt Innovative Wood-Based Building Materials in the Construction Industry: The Case of CLT
https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/192664... [Markets] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2017
Maria Fernanda Laguarda Mallo
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), has increased the possibilities of building with wood. CLT consists of multi-layer panels, manufactured with lumber boards that are glued together, alternating the direction of their fibers for each layer. The successful introduction of CLT into the Canadian market indicates that there is potential for further market penetration in North America, and more specifically the United States. To increase the understanding of the market potential for CLT in the U.S., this ...

A Performance Evaluation of Cross-Laminated Timber Manufactured With Aspen
https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/172229... [Raw Materials] [Report] 2015
Nicholas Vetsch
CLT is an engineered wood product made from 3-7 layers of lumber assembled with alternating grains. Typically softwood lumber is used to manufacture CLT, but as Aspen (Populus tremuloides) lumber is highly available in Minnesota, this study was performed to investigate its feasibility for use in CLT panels. A CLT panel was manufactured using locally-acquired aspen lumber and tested for flatwise bending properties. A maximum load of 20.98 kN was found for the panel, which exceeds the standard [9]...