(Mass) Timber: Structurally Optimized Timber Buildings
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/h... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2016
Kristen Strobel
This thesis explores the challenges and potential of mass timber as a paradigm shifting technology for the building industry through the application of parametric modeling technology to the design of office buildings. By testing building configurations in three zoning envelopes—low-rise suburban, mid-rise urban, and high-rise urban—optimization strategies for mass timber office buildings were developed. Facades and floor slabs were identified as the primary contributors to building cost and envi...

Behaviour of Mechanically Laminated CLT Members
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-89... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2015
Petr Kuklík, Lukáš Velebil
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is one of the structural building systems based on the lamination of multiple layers, where each layer is oriented perpendicularly to each other. Recent requirements are placed to develop an alternative process based on the mechanical lamination of the layers, which is of particular interest to our research group at the University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings. The goal is to develop and verify the behaviour of mechanically laminated CLT wall panels exposed t...

Investigation of Seismic Performance of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings within the Framework of the SERIES Project
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/978148222461... [Seismic Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2013
Maurizio Piazza, Roberto Tomasi
3/8/2019 Investigation of seismic performance of multi-storey timber buildings within the framework of the SERIES Project | Struc…https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781482224610/chapters/10.1201%2Fb15267-13 1/2Structures and ArchitectureNew concepts, applications and challengesEdited By Paulo J. CruzBack to book(/books/9780429159350)ChapterInvestigation of seismic performance of multi-storey timber buildings within the framework of the SERIES ProjectBy M. Piazza & R. TomasiPages 8Investiga...

Is Cross-Laminated Timber Suitable for Building Structures to Thirty Levels?
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/978148222461... [Tall Buildings] [Book/Book Section] 2013
John Chapman
The paper exam ines the potential of Cross-Laminated Ti mber for commercial multi-storey building. A worldwide interest in tim ber multi-storey buildings is expected due to the envir onmental advantages of timber construction when compared to concrete and steel. Cross-laminated Timber, or CLT, is a recent developm ent that glues and clamps timber planks in alternate layers to form large panels. The cross-laminating ensures reliable strength and stability. CLT construction has been used successfu...

Analytical and Experimental Lateral-Load Response of Self-Centering Posttensione
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313825372... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Tugce Akbas, Richard Suause, James M. Ricles, Ryan Ganey, Jeffrey Berman, Sarah Loftus, J. Daniel Dolan, Shiling Pei, John W. van de Lindt, Hans-Erik Blomgren
A cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel is a heavy timber structural component fabricated by laminating layers of timber boards in an orthogonal pattern. This paper presents a study of the lateral-load response of self-centering (SC) posttensioned CLT structural walls (i.e., SC-CLT walls), which are constructed by posttensioning CLT wall panels to the foundation with vertical posttensioning steel bars. The bars pass through the CLT panels and are anchored to the CLT panels at the top of the wall an...

A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Multistory Residential Buildings: Cross-Laminated Timber Vs. Concrete Slab and Column with Light Gauge Steel Walls
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2013
Blane Grann
This study provides a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a 4060 m2, 4-storey cross laminated timber (CLT) apartment building located in Quebec City, Canada and an equivalently designed building consisting of reinforced concrete slabs and columns with light gauge steel studded walls (CSSW). The emergence of CLT as a structural material that can be used in mid-rise building structures combined with limited work investigating the environmental performance of CLT in building applications pro...

Fire-Resistance Test Report of E1 Stress Grade Cross-Laminated Timber Assemblies
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2013
Lindsay Ranger, Christian Dagenais
A series of 3 cross-laminated timber (CLT) fire-resistance tests were conducted in accordance with ULC S101 standard as required in the National Building Code of Canada. The first two tests were 3-ply wall assemblies which were 105 mm thick, one unprotected and the other protected with an intumescent coating, FLAMEBLOC® GS 200, on the exposed surface. The walls were loaded to 295 kN/m (20 250 lb./ft.). The unprotected assembly failed structurally after 32 minutes, and the protected assembly fail...

Literature Review: Fire Stop Requirements as Related to Massive Wood Wall and Floor Assemblies
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2013
Christian Dagenais
In an attempt to prevent the spread of fire and smoke beyond the compartment in which the fire starts, regulations often require building construction such as walls and floors to exhibit varying degrees of fire resistance. Since penetrations for building service equipment and systems in wall and floor assemblies acting as fire separations are unavoidable, steps must be taken to ensure these penetrations do not compromise the fire resistance of the compartmentation. As designers embrace taller an...

Advanced Wood-Based Solutions for Mid-Rise and High-Rise Construction: In-Situ Testing of the Origine 13-Storey Building for Vibration and Acoustic Performances
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Report] 2018
Lin Hu, Samuel Cuerrier-Auclair
Serviceability performance studied covers three different performance attributes of a building. These attributes are 1) vibration of the whole building structure, 2) vibration of the floor system, typically in regards to motions in a localized area within the entire floor plate, and 3) sound insulation performance of the wall and floor assemblies. Serviceability performance of a building is important as it affects the comfort of its occupants and the functionality of sensitive equipment as well....

Investigation of Fire Performance of CLT Manufactured with Thin Laminates
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2016
Christian Dagenais
Nowadays, the fire behavior of CLT panels made from solid-sawn lumber exposed to fire is well known and documented by a number of research organizations and universities. However, due to the desire to optimize how material is used in CLT, and ultimately lower manufacturing costs, CLT with thin laminations ranging from 19 to 25 mm in thickness has started to be produced in North America, which somewhat limits the applicability of some design provisions which were derived and validated from CLT ma...

Fire Stops and Sealing Joints in Cross-Laminated Timber Construction
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2014
Christian Dagenais
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the fire-protection F- and T-ratings of selected fire stops and sealing joints in cross-laminated timber assemblies, in accordance with CAN/ULC S115 test method, “Standard Method of Fire-Tests of Firestop System”. Note: This work relates to project number 301006715. Recommendations are given in this report with respect to proper detailing to ensure that the tested closure devices, when used in mass timber plate construction, will perform as expecte...

In-Situ Testing at Wood Innovation and Design Centre: Floor Vibration, Building Vibration, and Sound Insulation Performance
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Report] 2015
Lin Hu, Ciprian Pirvu, Redouane Ramzi
In order to address the lack of measured natural frequencies and damping ratios for wood and hybrid wood buildings, and lack of knowledge of vibration performance of innovative CLT floors and sound insulation performance of CLT walls and floors, FPInnovations conducted a series of performance testing at the Wood Innovation Design Centre (WIDC) in Prince George, BC in April 2014, during construction, and in May 2015, after building completion and during its occupation. The construction of the WID...

Development of Design Values for Hem-Fir Cross-Laminated Timber
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Raw Materials] [Report] 2015
Ciprian Pirvu
The North American product standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timber (CLT), ANSI/APA PRG 320, was published in 2012. The standard recognizes the use of all major Canadian and US softwood species groups for CLT manufacturing and provides design properties for specific CLT layups with visually graded and E-rated/MSR laminations. While design properties for CLT layups with Spruce-Pine-Fir and Douglas fir-Larch laminations are specified in the current standard, no design properties are i...

Long Term In-Situ Measurements of Displacement, Temperature and Relative Humidity in a Multi-Storey Residential CLT-Building
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Moisture/Durability] [Report] 2014
Erik Serrano, Bertil Enquist, Johan Vessby
This study investigates the in-plane behaviour of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) floor diaphragms and lateral load distribution within buildings containing CLT floors. Detailed 2D finite element models of CLT floors and buildings were generated in ANSYS, to achieve the above objectives. The models were calibrated with test data for a special type of CLT panel-to-panel connection. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed to find the most influential parameters, affecting the in-plane behavio...

Numerical Simulation for the Seismic Behaviour of Mid-Rise CLT Shear Walls with Coupling Beams
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Seismic Performance] [Report] 2014
Jingjing Liu, Frank Lam
In this paper, an innovative type of mid-rise Cross Laminated Timber shear walls with coupling beams was designed. The 5-layer CLT panels were continuous along the height. Hold-downs and angle brackets were installed at the bottom of the panels. Coupling beams with energy dissipation devices were used to decrease the deformation and internal forces of the walls, providing adequate stiffness and strength. A numerical model was developed in OpenSees for a six storey prototype to investigate its se...

Force Modification Factors for Cross Laminated Timber Buildings
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Seismic Performance] [Report] 2012
Shiling Pei, Marjan Popovski, John van de Lindt
European experience shows that Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) can be competitive in mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Although this system has not been used to the same extent so far in North America, it can be viable wood structural solution for the shift towards sustainable densification of urban and suburban centers. For these reasons FPInnovations has undertaken a multi-disciplinary project on determining the performance of a typical CLT construction, including quantifying the seismic resistan...

Advanced Wood-Based Solutions for Mid-Rise and High-Rise Construction: In-Situ Testing of the Brock Commons 18-Storey Building for Vibration and Acoustic performances
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Report] 2018
Lin Hu, Samuel Cuerrier-Auclair
This report addresses serviceability issues of tall wood buildings focusing on their vibration and sound insulation performance. The sound insulation and vibration performance may not affect the building’s safety, but affects the occupants’ comfort and the proper operation of the buildings and the function of sensitive equipment, consequently the acceptance of the midrise and tall wood buildings in market place. Lack of data, knowledge and experience of sound and vibration performance of tall wo...

In-Situ Testing of the Wood Innovation and Design Centre for Serviceability Performance
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Other] [Report] 2018
Lin Hu, Samuel Cuerrier-Auclair
Three performance attributes of a building for serviceability performance are 1) vibration of the whole building structure, 2) vibration of the floor system, typically in regards to motions in a localized area within the entire floor plate, and 3) sound insulation performance of the wall and floor assemblies. Serviceability performance of a building is important as it affects the comfort of its occupants and the functionality of sensitive equipment as well. Many physical factors influence these ...

Novel Steel Tube Connection for Hybrid Systems
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2014
Johannes Schneider, Xiaoyue Zhang, Thomas Tannert, Marjan Popovski, Erol Karacabeyli, Siegfried Stiemer, Solomon Tesfamariam
This paper summarises an experimental and numerical investigation conducted on a novel steel tube connector for timber-based hybrid systems. The connector consists of hollow steel tubes placed inside cross-laminated timber panels. Varying steel tube diameters (ranging from two to four inch) are tested. The component behaviour of the connection is investigated using quasi-static monotonic and reversed cyclic tests. The results demonstrate that when using an appropriate connection layout, the desi...

Evaluating Rolling Shear Strength Properties of Cross Laminated Timber by Torsional Shear Tests and Bending Test
https://fpinnovations.ca/Extranet/Pages/AssetDetai... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2014
Minghao Li, Frank Lam, Yuan Li
This paper presents a study on evaluating rolling shear (RS) strength properties of cross laminated timber (CLT) using torsional shear tests and bending tests. The CLT plates were manufactured with Spruce-Pine-Fir boards and glued with polyurethane adhesive. Two types of layups (3-layer and 5-layer) and two clamping pressures (0.1 MPa and 0.4 MPa) were studied. For the torsional shear tests, small shear block specimens were sampled from the CLT plates and the cross layers were processed to have ...