Comparative Energy Consumption Study on Tall Cross Laminated Timber Buildings for U.S. Climates
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Environmental Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Shiling Pei, Ali Khavari, Paulo Tabares-Velasco, Shichun Zhao
Tall building (higher than 8 stories) construction using Cross laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new trend for urban developments around the world. In the U.S., there is great interest in utilizing the potential of this new construction material. By analyzing a ten-story condominium building model constructed using building energy simulation program EnergyPlus, the energy efficiency of this emerging building type was evaluated and compared with a light metal frame building system (currently...

Compression Perpendicular to Grain Behavior for the Design of Prefabricated CLT Facade Horizontal Joint
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Eugenia Gasparri, Frank Lam, Yingyang Liu, Angelo Lucchini
Tthe present work aims to define horizontal joint dimension tolerances for newly proposed prefabricated façade systems for applications in tall cross laminated timber (CLT) buildings based on the compression perpendicular to grain characteristics of the component. This requires a thorough understanding of structural settlement under vertical loads which can vary at each floor height. The experimental campaign carried out refers to the case of a platform frame building configuration, where major ...

Buckling Loads for Cross-Laminated Timber Elements Under Uniaxial In-Plane Compression
http://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pag... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Alexandra Thiel, Harald Krenn
This paper deals with the buckling behaviour of cross-laminated timber (CLT) elements under uniaxial in-plane compression. The orthotropic material behaviour and the transverse shear flexibility of CLT have a major impact on the critical buckling load. Therefor the influence of these parameters as well as different support conditions will be discussed and curves for the buckling coefficient for CLT elements presented....

Comparisons of the Production Standards for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Europe versus USA
http://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pag... [Standards/Building code] [Conference Paper] 2016
Timothy Young, Marius Barbu, Daniel Hindman, Josef Weissensteiner, Eugenia Tudor
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a mass timber product and is a ‘green building’ solution. CLT origins were in Germany and Austria in the 1990s. CLT has production capacities of approximately 1 Million m³ per year which exist primarily in the Alps region and Scandinavia. After the first installed pilot plants expanded production capacities are predicted for in USA and Canada. CLT has great potential for ‘green building’ solutions for both residential and non-residential construction. Potential ex...

Concentrated Load Introduction in CLT Elements Perpendicular to Plane – Experimental and Numerical Investigations
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Thomas Bogensperger, Robert Joebstl, Manfred Augustin
This paper presents bending and shear tests of cross laminated timber (CLT) plates under concentrated loads. The structure can fail either due to punching along a critical perimeter line in the vicinity of the concentrated load or at locations of natural defects like knots under tension based on bending moments. Two test configurations were developed and investigated by linear elastic models. Results and observed failures are shown in this paper. The established numerical model is a 3D solid mod...

Connections with Threaded Rods in Moment Resisting Frames
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Kjell Arne Malo, Haris Stamatopoulos
Building owners often state requirements that new buildings shall have open and flexible architecture in order to allow flexible use and future changes. A way to improve timber buildings in that direction is to increase the stiffness of the connections between horizontal and vertical members of the structural systems. The paper presents experimental tests and results for a connection based on use of inclined threaded rods installed in predrilled holes, together with an analytical model for the s...

Connection Wood Brittle Failure in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Pouyan Zarnani, Pierre Quenneville
The introduction of Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) as an engineered timber product has played a significant role in the considerable progress of timber construction in recent years. Extensive research has been conducted in Europe and more recently in Canada to evaluate the fastening capacity of different types of fasteners in CLT. While ductile capacities calculated using the yield limit equations are quite reliable for fastener resistance in connections, however, they do not take into account the...

Contact Joints in Engineered Wood Products
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Tobias Schmidt, Hans Joachim Blaß
Cross laminated timber (CLT) members are especially suited for in-plane loads due to their high shear...

Controlled Rocking Cross-Laminated Timber Walls for Regions of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Mike Kovacs, Lydell Wiebe
strength and stiffness. However, available connection techniques have rather low load-carrying capacities related to the shear capacity of CLT. To use the potential of CLT under in-plane loading, new connection techniques, so called contact joints, were developed. 10 different types of these contact joints, varying geometry and connector material, were studied. The developed contact joints can substitute traditional connection techniques...

Coupled Shear-Tension Numerical Model for Modelling of CLT Connections
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Diego Talledo, Luca Pozza, Anna Saetta, Marco Savoia
A new numerical model able to account for the interaction between tension and shear forces on typical hold-down connections used in CLT structures is proposed and discussed, starting from results of an experimental campaign conducted at University of Bologna. A specifically developed method appropriate to evaluate the main strength and stiffness parameters from the experimental cyclic force-displacement curves is presented, and the corresponding trilinear backbone approximation is defined. Param...

Cross-Laminated Timber VS. Concrete/Steel: Cost Comparison Using a Case Study
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Economics/Costs] [Conference Paper] 2016
Maria Fernanda Laguarda Mallo, Omar Espinoza
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an innovative structural system based on the use of large-format, multilayered panels made from solid wood boards glued together, and layers at 90 degrees. This cross-laminated configuration translates into panels that are monolithic, stable, and experience minor shrinkage, which allows them to be used for the most diverse building applications, such as walls, floors and roofs. Developed in the early 1990 in Switzerland, as a way to reduce waste in sawmills, the s...

Curved Cross Laminated Timber Elements
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Conference Paper] 2016
Georg Stecher, Roland Maderebner, Philipp Zingerle, Michael Flach, Anton Kraler
Curved components are regularly in use for timber structures. However, the use of curved CLT-elements is still relatively young. To obtain a European-Technical Approval (ETA) for the so-called “Radiusholz” (single curved CLT-elements), the company Holzbau Unterrainer GmbH commissioned the accredited testing laboratory TVFAInnsbruck to carry out the necessary investigations. In a period from December 2013 to May 2014 a total of 144 tests in component dimensions were performed. Additionally severa...

Cyclic Testing and Simulation of Hold Down Connections in Radiata Pine CLT Shear Walls
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Franco Benedetti, Víctor Rosales, Alexander Opazo
Structures built with cross laminated timber (CLT) are an attractive alternative to traditional construction materials in terms of environmental performance and habitability, but its structural behavior is not well understood for each timber specie. This work provides a comprehensive study of the structural behavior of radiata pine CLT shear walls, by means of laboratory testing and numerical analysis of hold down connections. Main outcomes suggest that advanced modeling tools can accurately rep...

Delamination Occurrence in Engineered Mass Timber Products at Elevated Temperatures
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Other] [Conference Paper] 2016
Richard Emberley, Zeyu Yu, Dilum Fernando, José Torero
Experimental studies were conducted at the University of Queensland to study the effects of thermal penetration on delamination and the potential changes in failure mode. The first test series studied thermal penetration depths of temperature above ambient at various heat fluxes, and the second test series consisted of single lap shear tests at elevated temperatures. The third test series used the results of the previous tests to study CLT behaviour at elevated temperatures. Results and conclusi...

Design Process of a Free-Form Structure Using CLT Panels - Analysis of an Architectural Large Scale Structure
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2016
Zoé Tolszczuk-Leclerc, Samuel Bernier-Lavigne, Alexander Salenikovich, André Potvin
This research is about the design process, development and fabrication of a free-form structure in CLT panels. Since sustainability, ecology and building design are now relevant part in any design project, the purpose of the research is to demonstrate that CLT panels can be used in alternative passive strategies based on building form. This paper presents the use of a tessellation construction system for designing and producing a free-form surface in CLT while keeping the cost reasonable in a sp...

Direct Displacement Design of Tall CLT Building with Deformable Diaphragms
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2016
Vahab Bolvardi, Shiling Pei, John van de Lindt, James Dolan
In order to cope with the speed of urbanization around the world especially in areas of high seismicity, researchers and engineers have always been investigating cost-effective building systems with high seismic performance. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a wood based material that is suitable for tall building construction. However, the current CLT system is prone to connection damage in strong earthquakes due to the vast majority of the system ductility resides in connections. One solution is...

Ductile Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Platform Structures with Passive Damping
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Ashkan Hashemi, Wei Yuen Loo, Reza Masoudnia, Pouyan Zarnani, Pierre Quenneville
Multi-storey platform cross laminated timber (CLT) structures offer many significant advantages such as speed of fabrication, ease of construction, and excellent strength to weight ratio. With platform construction, stories are fixed together in a way that each floor bears into load bearing walls, therewith creating a platform for the next level. The latest research findings have shown that CLT platform buildings constructed with traditional fasteners can experience a high level of damage especi...

Effective Out-of-Plane Stiffness and Strength of Rotated Cross Laminated Timber Panels
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2016
Alexandra Cheng, Johannes Schneider, Thomas Tannert
This research considers the effect of in-plane rotation angles on the structural performance of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. In the interest of expanding the application of CLT to folded or freeform structures, rectangular CLT panels are likely to be divided into irregular geometries, in which case the loading will be applied at an intermediate orientation between the longitudinal and transverse panel axes. Such a loading condition is not accounted for in the existing analytical methods ...

Effect of Adhesives and Ply Configuration on the Fire Performance of Southern Pine Cross-Laminated Timber
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Conference Paper] 2016
Laura Hasburgh, Keith Bourne, Perry Peralta, Phil Mitchell, Scott Schiff, Weichiang Pang
Thirteen Southern pine cross-laminated timber panels were tested in the intermediate scale horizontal furnace at the Forest Products Laboratory to determine the effects different adhesives and ply configuration had on fire performance. Four different adhesives were tested: melamine formaldehyde (MF), phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), polyurethane reactive (PUR), and emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI). There were two ply configurations: Long-Cross-Long (LCL) or Long-Long-Cross (LLC) where “lon...

Effect of Array on Tensile Load Carrying Capacity CLT Drift Pinned Joint
https://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwoa/content/pa... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
Shoichi Nakashima, Akihisa Kitamori, Yasuhiro Araki, Hiroshi Isoda
A reduction coefficient is applied in usual design of multiple dowels type connections. The numbers of stiffeners in row is one of important factor to decide this coefficient. CLT drift pinned joint showed small orthotropy against in plane tensile load. Tensile tests of multiple drift pins joints were performed to evaluate the effect of array. Numbers of drift pins n in each specimen were same (n=12), but the arrangements were different (2 x 6, 3 x 4, 4 x 3, 6 x 2). Also the grain directions wer...