Compressive Strength Properties Perpendicular to the Grain of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Composed of Sugi Laminations
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jwrs/60/1/60_... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2014
Hirofumi Ido, Hirofumi Nagao, Sachiko Miura, Atsushi Miyatake
Compressive tests perpendicular to the grain of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) were conducted while changing the number of layers, lamina grade composition, loading plate direction against the outer lamina direction, and the loading direction to the specimen. This was done to clarify the compressive strength properties perpendicular to the grain under each conditions, and a simplified manner of evaluating the compressive strength properties perpendicular to the grain was proposed. Following compre...

Monte-Carlo Simulation Model for Predicting the Tensile Strength Distribution of Cross Laminated Timber
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsms/67/12/67... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Keita Ogawa, Hirofumi Ido, Masaki Harada, Hirofumi Nagao, Hideo Kato, Atsushi Miyatake
The tensile strength properties of cross laminated timber (CLT) is one of the indispensable concern for designing the structures using it. For evaluating the strength properties of wood based materials, the strength distribution has to be understood. However, experimental approach to obtain the distribution is limited because of the problem in finance and load capacity of testing machine. This study therefore developed the model for simulating the tensile strength distribution of CLT. First, rel...

Importance of Research on Wood Adhesion for Wood-based Materials
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jwrs/61/3/61_... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2015
Kohta Miyamoto
Wood-based material is constituted by bonding small pieces of processed wood, called elements, using wood adhesives. Therefore, researches on wood-based materials and wood adhesives are very closely related. In recent years, cross-laminated timber (CLT), which has been developed as a new wood-based material, is beginning to spread as a structural material in the wood industry in Europe, North America, and Japan. This paper reviews the changes in element size in the development history of wood-ba...

Prediction of Internal Shear Capacity of Sugi CLT Panels
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jwrs/60/3/60_... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2014
Minoru Okabe, Motoi Yasumura, Kenji Kobayashi
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels consist of several layers of lumber stacked crosswise and glued together on their faces. CLT panels are excellently applicable for timber buildings as slabs for horizontal structural members. Live load and dead load on CLT panels cause internal shear stress. Distribution of internal shear stress in CLT panels is affected by the modulus of elasticity of parallel layers. Rolling shear stress occurs in cross layers under shear force applied to CLT panels. General...

Actual Conditions of Depopulated Communities and Possibilities of New Forestry: a Case of Otoyo Town, Kochi Prefecture
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajg/2016s/0/2... [Case Study/Projects] [Conference Paper] 2016
Kenro Iwasaki
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Difference of bending performance by loading directions using sugi finger-jointed laminae for Cross Laminated Timber
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ffpri/15/3/15... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2016
Junko Ogiso, Hirofumi Ido, Hirofumi Nagao, Masaki Harada, Hideo Kato, Atsushi Miyatake, Yasushi Hiramatsu
In accordance with the “Japanese Agricultural Standard for Cross Laminated Timber,” the bending Young’s modulus of laminae and the bending strength of finger-jointed laminae are graded by a bending test in a flat-wise direction. When a Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) was loaded in an out-of-plane direction, laminae in the CLT are loaded in a flat-wise direction and this direction matches with the direction of the bending test for the laminae. In contrast, when a CLT was loaded in an in-plane direct...

Evaluation of Tensile Performance of Drift Pinned Joint with Steel Plate on Cross Laminated Timber
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijs/78/687/7... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2013
Shoichi Nakashima, Akihisa Kitamori, Kohei Komatsu
Tensile Performance of Cross Laminated Timber joints composed with a single drift pin and steel plate were studied. Different end and edge distances and diameters of the drift pin were set as parameters. Characteristic values were obtained by tensile tests. The yield load was estimated by modified EYT. The characteristic features of CLT drift pin joint observed in the test were as follows; (a) Cross layers work to prevent the split failure along the grain from the drift pin. (b) There is linear ...

Evaluation of Buckling Strength of Cross Laminated Timber Structural Grades Mx60 and Mx90
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijt/24/56/24... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Yudai Kudo, Shiro Nakajima, Atsushi Miyatake, Yasuhiro Araki, Tatsuya Shibusawa, Takeshi Haramiishi
CLT is a structural material laminated and glued such that grain directions are orthogonal to each adjacent layer. Since CLT has an orthogonal layer, it seems that there is a possibility that buckling properties differs from lumber and glue laminated timber. It is not certain whether calculation formula of buckling strength used for lumber or glue laminated timber can be applied to the calculation of buckling strength of CLT. In this study, the calculation formula of buckling strength of CLT was...

Floor Impact Sound Insulation Performance of CLT Floor Slab And Reduction Effect By Floor Coverings
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijt/23/55/23... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Manabu Tanaka, Tsuyoshi Murakami, Yusuke Kasai, Makoto Kawai
The purpose of this study is to estimate the floor impact sound insulation performance of floor slabs with cross laminated timber panels (=CLT panels) and to grasp the reduction effect by floor coverings. Results of experiments in the laboratory show that the performance of CLT floor slabs is lower than that of a RC slab and a wood-frame panel construction floor slab concerning the light floor impact. Carpets and sound insulation floorings are found to be effective to light floor impact sound in...

Mass Timber Construction – Building for the Future - Simpson Strong-Tie Structur
http://seblog.strongtie.com/2016/02/mass-timber-co... [Commercial/Company Information] [Web Page] 2019
Simpson Strong-Tie
The future is here and that future is mass timber construction. It is common knowledge that wood is a renewable and environmentally friendly building material. There are two types of wood-framing methods in North America. The most common method for residential construction is light-frame construction using either balloon-framing or platform-framing methods. Standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant building material in light-frame construction because of its economy. The other met...

Awareness, Perceptions and Willingness to Adopt CLT by U.S. Engineering Firms
http://biobus.swst.org/index.php/bpbj/article/view... [Markets] [Journal Article] 2018
Maria Fernanda Laguarda-Mallo, Omar Espinoza
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood-based product, developed in Europe in the early 1990s. CLT panels are made of multiple layers of wood boards oriented perpendicular to the adjacent layers. While CLT has been successful in Europe and is making its way into the Canadian, Australian, and other markets, it is in the early stages of adoption in the United States. This manuscript presents the results from research conducted to assess the market potential and barriers to the adoption ...

Effects of the width and lay-up of sugi cross-laminated timber (CLT) on its dynamic and static elastic moduli, and tensile strength
https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2015
Hirofumi Ido, Hirofumi Nagao, Masaki Harada, Hideo Kato, Junko Ogiso, Atushi Miyatake
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has recently emerged as a new wood product that utilizes a large quantity of domestic lumber. This study aims to analyze the effects of width and lay-ups on the tensile strength of CLT. To this end, the elastic modulus of sugi CLT with different lay-ups was measured by dynamic and static methods. Moreover, tensile tests were conducted for different widths and lay-ups of CLT. Results indicate that the apparent bending Young’s modulus, as calculated using the dynamic m...

Massive wood material for sustainable building design: the Massiv–Holz–Mauer wall system
https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Silvia Santi, Francesca Pierobon, Giulia Corradini, Raffaele Cavalli, Michela Zanetti
In this study, the emissions to air produced using massive wood material in manufacturing of a Massiv–Holz–Mauer (MHM) wall system have been assessed. The results have been compared with a traditional brick wall. The sustainability of materials was determined using the following impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) and human toxicity potential (HTP). Using wood material in building design can reduce the ...

Seismic design of core-walls for multi-storey timber buildings 2013 NZSEE Conference
http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/2013/Poster_52.pdf... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2013
A. Dunbar, S. Pampanin, A. Palermo, A.H. Buchanan
This paper describes options for seismic design of prefabricated timber core-wall systems, used as stairwells and lift shafts for lateral load resistance in multi-storey timber buildings. The use of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels for multi-storey timber buildings is gaining popularity throughout the world, especially for residential construction. This paper describes the possible use of CLT core-walls for seismic resistance in open-plan commercial office buildings in New Zealand. Previous e...

Hybrid cross-laminated timber plates with beech wood cross-layers
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2016
Simon Aicher, Maren Hirsch, Zachary Christian
A hybrid, three-layered, softwood-hardwood cross-laminated timber build-up with outer layers of European spruce (Picea abies) and a center cross-layer of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) has been investigated with regard to out-of-plane bending. The determination of the rolling shear properties of the beech cross-layer performed by different test and measurement methods comprising bending and compression shear tests was of primary interest. The shear capacity of the composite is significantly in...

Cross laminated timber (CLT) diaphragms under shear: Test configuration, properties and design
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Reinhard Brandner, Philipp Dietsch, Julia Droscher, Michael Schulte-Wrede, Heinrich Kreuzinger, Mike Sieder
The orthogonal structure of cross laminated timber (CLT) diaphragms under shear can cause three possible shear failure mechanisms: (i) gross-shear (in case of narrow-face bonded laminations), (ii) net-shear and (iii) torsion. While the resistance against torsion has been investigated comprehensively, the determination of in-plane gross- and net-shear strength remains a challenging task. Whereas gross-shear properties are proposed in analogy to glulam, for net-shear only properties derived from t...

Comparison of multi-storey cross-laminated timber and timber frame buildings by in situ modal analysis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [General Information] [Journal Article] 2016
Thomas Reynolds, Daniele Casagrande, Roberto Tomasi
The dynamic properties of two common structural systems for multi-storey timber buildings are compared through in situ testing of completed buildings. The two five-storey buildings examined are identical except for their structural system, which in one is sheathed stud-and-rail timber construction, and in the other a cross-laminated timber panel system. Both also have a reinforced-concrete core located at the centre of one edge of the rectangular plan of each building. An output-only modal analy...

Measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber fabricated with black spruce
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2014
Qinyi Zhou, Meng Gong, Ying Hei Chui, Mohammad Mohammad
The design and application of cross laminated timber (CLT) is strongly influenced by the rolling shear properties of cross layers. Hence, to predict the performance of CLT requires accurate information about its rolling shear properties. In this study, a wooden cross layer (WCL) specimen was made of 38 mm by 89 mm black spruce lumber of a grade of No. 3. The average rolling shear modulus of the WCL specimens measured by the two-plate shear test was 136 MPa. The rolling shear modulus measured was...

Experimental determination of the equivalent-layer shear stiffness of CLT through four-point bending of sandwich beams
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Olivier Perret, Arthur Lebee, Cyril Douthe, Karam Sab
In this paper, a new methodology for the experimental determination of the CLT equivalent cross-layer shear elastic modulus is suggested using a wooden core sandwich beam with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer skins under four-point bending. The stiffness contrast between the wooden layer and the CFRP skins ensures that the bending stiffness of the sandwich beam is mostly driven by the CFRP skins and the shear force stiffness of the beam is mostly driven by the shear modulus of the wooden core. Se...

Self-tapping screws and threaded rods as reinforcement for structural timber elements – A state-of-the-art report
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2015
Philipp Dietsch, Reinhard Brandner
In timber engineering, self-tapping screws, optimized primarily for axial loading, represent the state-of-the-art in fastener and reinforcement technology. Their economic advantages and comparatively easy handling make them one of the first choices for application in both domains. This paper focuses on self-tapping screws and threaded rods applied as reinforcement, illustrating the state-of-the-art in application and design approaches in Europe, in conjunction with numerous references for backgr...