Effect of Different Thickness of the Layers of Cross-laminated Timber Made from Chinese Fir on the Mechanical Performance
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/effect... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2018
Xinmeng Wang, Yilin Que, Yunhui Hu, Guichao Jiang, Zeli Que
Under the premise of an unchanging total thickness in cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from Chinese fir, research into the effect of different CLT laminate thicknesses on the mechanical performance (bending and shear performance) was performed using the existing CLT static analysis theory to calculate and compare the bending performance of CLT specimens. The results showed that at constant total thickness the bending performance increased, the shear performance worsened, and the destruction mod...

An Exploratory Study of Composite Cross-Laminated Timber (CCLT) Made from Bamboo and Hemlock-fir Mix
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/an-exp... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2019
Peixing Wei, Brad Jianhe Wang, Libin Wang, Yongqui Wang, Guangrong Yang, Jinhua Liu
This work investigated the feasibility of manufacturing composite cross-laminated timber (CCLT) from bamboo and a western hemlock and amabilis fir mix (hem-fir). Bamboo parallel strand lumber (bamboo PSL) was first fabricated as the surface laminae of CCLT. No. 2 and Btr 2×6 western hem-fir dimension lumber was imported from British Columbia (BC), Canada. The lumber was then sorted and further dried to form the inner laminae of CCLT. Multiple 800 × 800-mm CLT billets were fabricated using a comm...

Mechanical and hygroscopic properties of Longitudinally-Laminated Timber (LLT) panels for the furniture industry
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/mechan... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2018
Jerzy Smardzewski, Karol Labeda
One likely reason why cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are not applied in furniture designing is their unaesthetic appearance, with a crosswise arrangement of layers visible on narrow surfaces of furniture panels. The objective of this investigation was to manufacture and determine physic-mechanical properties of solid and cell Longitudinally-Laminated Timber (LLT) panels. The cognitive goal of the performed experiments was to determine orthotropy, linear elasticity moduli, and bending streng...

Mechanical Properties of Innovative, Multi-Layer Composite Laminated Panels
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/10/142... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Jan Niederwestberg, Jianhui Zhou, Ying-Hei Chui
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) possesses both good shape stability and possible two-way force transfer ability due to its crosswise lamination. However, the transverse layers in CLT are prone to rolling shear failure under an out-of-plane load. An innovative multi-layer composite laminated panel (CLP) was developed by combining structural composite lumber (SCL) and dimension lumber to overcome the rolling shear failure while maintaining the high mechanical performance and aesthetic appearance of n...

Fire Resistance of In-Plane Compressed Log-House Timber Walls with Partial Thermal Insulation
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/10/131... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Chiara Bendon, Massimo Fragiacomo
This paper presents the full-scale experimental assessment of a log-house timber wall with partial thermal insulation under in-plane compression and exposed to fire on one side. A key aspect of the current design application for log-house systems is represented by geometrical details, like cross-sectional properties of logs (typically characterised by high depth-to-width ratios) and outriggers. The latter provides restraint condition for the examined walls and hence markedly affects their overal...

The Influence of Panel Lay-Up on the Characteristic Bending and Rolling Shear Strength of CLT
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/9/114... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Conan O'Ceallaigh, Karol Sikora, Annette M. Harte
The objective of this study was to characterise the behaviour of cross laminated timber (CLT) panels and the influence of the panel lay-up on the failure strength. Three different panel configurations of thickness, 60 mm, 100 mm, and 120 mm, were loaded in the out-of-plane direction. The 60 mm and 120 mm panel configuration comprised three layers of equal thickness, and the intermediate 100 mm thick panel comprised five layers of equal thickness. The mean and characteristic bending and rolling s...

Feasibility Study of Mass-Timber Cores for the UBC Tall Wood Building
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/8/98... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2018
Thomas Connolly, Cristiano Loss, Asif Iqbal, Thomas Tannert
The UBC Brock Commons building in Vancouver, which comprises of 18 stories and stands 53 m in height, was at the time of completion in 2016 the world’s tallest hybrid wood-based building. The building’s 17 stories of mass-timber superstructure, carrying all gravity loads, rest on a concrete podium with two concrete cores that act as both the wind and seismic lateral load-resisting systems. Whereas the construction of the concrete cores took fourteen weeks in time, the mass-timber superstructure ...

Mass Timber Rocking Panel Retrofit of a Four-Story Soft-Story Building with Full-Scale Shake Table Validation
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/7/2/48... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Pouria Bahmani, John Van de Lindt, Asif Iqbal, Douglas Rammer
Soft-story wood-frame buildings have been recognized as a disaster preparedness problem for decades. There are tens of thousands of these multi-family three- and four-story structures throughout California and other cities in the United States. The majority were constructed between 1920 and 1970, with many being prevalent in the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The NEES-Soft project was a five-university multi-industry effort that culminated in a series of full-scale soft-story wood-frame b...

Behaviour factor for innovative massive timber shear walls
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Luca Pozza, Roberto Scotta, Davide Trutalli, Andrea Polastri
Four massive wooden shear walls were analysed via experimental tests and numerical simulations. The specimens differ mainly in the method used to assemble the layers of timber boards: two of them are the well-known Cross-Laminated-Timber panels with glued interfaces, the other two are innovative massive timber panels adopting steel staples or wooden dovetail inserts to connect the layers. Quasi-static cyclic-loading tests were performed for each wall and main results are presented and analysed. ...

Seismic assessment of a heavy-timber frame structure with ring-doweled moment-resisting connections
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Leonardo G. Rodrigues, Jorge M. Branco, Luís A. C. Neves, André R. Barbosa
The performance of heavy-timber structures in earthquakes depends strongly on the inelastic behavior of the mechanical connections. Nevertheless, the nonlinear behavior of timber structures is only considered in the design phase indirectly through the use of an R-factor or a q-factor, which reduces the seismic elastic response spectrum. To improve the estimation of this, the seismic performance of a three-story building designed with ring-doweled moment resisting connections is analyzed here. Co...

Shake table tests of small- and full-scale laminated timber frames with moment connections
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2008
Andreas Heiduschke, Bo Kasal, Peer Haller
This paper describes the results of shake-table tests of laminated timber frames with moment beam-to-column connections. The objective of the study was to investigate the dynamic behaviour of small-scale (1:4) and full-scale (1:1) frames in regard to residual system deformations and changes in dynamic characteristic due to the progressing damage in the dowel-type connections. Different frame designs with and without connection reinforcement were tested. The experiments demonstrated that the fram...

Fire Performance of Gusset Connections in Glue-laminated Timber
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.81... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 1991
Andrew H. Buchanan, Andrew B. King
This paper describes a comprehensive experimental investigation of the fire performance of nailed gusset connections between large glue‐laminated timber members. Both plywood and steel gusset plates were investigated with a range of loaded and unloaded test methods. The principal conclusions are that unprotected gussets have poor fire performance, but that a layer of solid wood or gypsum plasterboard will provide at least one hour of fire protection to typical joints....

Strength properties of glued laminated timber made from edge-glued laminae II: bending, tensile, and compressive strength of glued laminated timber
https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2010
Yasushi Hiramatsu, Kiyohiko Fujimoto, Atsushi Miyatake, Kenta Shindo, Hirofumi Nagao, Hideo Kato, Hirofumi Ido
The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength properties of glued laminated timber composed of edge-glued laminae and to investigate the influence of edge gluing on the strength properties. Glued laminated timber composed of multiple-grade laminae (symmetrical composition, strength grade E95-F270, 10 laminations) was produced from karamatsu (Larix kaempferi) edge-glued laminae according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard. The bending, tensile, and compressive strengths of the glue...

Study on the estimation of the strength properties of structural glued laminated timber I: determination of optimum MOE as input variable
https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 1999
Jun-Jae Lee, Gwang-Chul Kim
There have been many attempts to predict the performance of glulam beams. Several approaches have been taken, from early empirical techniques to more sophisticated stochastic methods. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on the modeling of material properties. Generally, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) has been used as a criterion of laminar strength for the prediction of glulam performance in the traditional models. Most of the current models are based on MOE that was measured using t...

Recent research and development on sugi (Japanese cedar) structural glued laminated timber
https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2015
Tomoyuki Hayashi, Atsushi Miyatake
Sugi (Japanese cedar: Cryptomeria japonica) is the most important afforestation species in Japan. Its growing stock has been increasing year by year. Thus, development of new wood products made of sugi has been a national priority for more than two decades. Development of sugi structural glued laminated timber (glulam) was one of the responses to this push. However, in the 1990s, the Japanese glued laminated timber (GLT) industry did not accept sugi as a raw material for glulam, because several ...

Charring behavior of cross laminated timber with respect to the fire protection Comparison of different methods in small, model and large scale with simulations
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:962826/... [null] [Report] 2014
Mattia Tiso
Timber buildings made with Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) panels are becoming wide spread in Europe. The fire resistance of CLT panels depends upon several parameters, including the number of layers and their thickness. At the present, EN 1995-1-2:2004 does not provide specific information on the fire design of CLT panels. Several fire resistance tests of CLT panels were performed in different scales by furnace testing using the standard fire curve according to ISO 834-1:1999, however the large nu...

Shaking table testing of post-tensioned timber frame building with passive energy dissipation systems
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Antonio Di Cesare, Felice Carlo Ponzo, Domenico Nigro, Stefano Pampanin, Tobias Smith
A recently developed technology for the construction of multi-storey timber buildings called Pres-Lam uses long lengths of prefabricated laminated timber connected together using pre-stressing steel tendons or bars. A 3-dimensional, 3-storey, 2/3rd scaled Pres-Lam frame building was tested on the shaking table of the structural laboratory of the University of Basilicata. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to confirm the effectiveness of the Pres-Lam technology, originally developed usin...

Cross laminated timber at in-plane beam loading – Prediction of shear stresses in crossing areas
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323978041... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Henrik Danielsson, Erik Serrano
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) at in-plane beam loading conditions present a very complex stress state and many failure modes need to be considered in design. The work presented here aims at finding improvements of a specific analytical model for stress analysis and strength verification that has been suggested in literature and which is also suggested as a basis for design equations for the next version of Eurocode 5. Although the model has appealing properties it suffers from some drawbacks rela...

Seismic assessment of a three-story wood building with an integrated CLT-lightframe system using RTHS
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322627690... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Tu T. Nguyen, Thang N. Dao, Sriram Aaleti, John W. van de Lindt, Kenneth J. Fridley
This paper presents the results of an experimental study whose objective was to investigate the behavior of a hybrid wood shear-wall system defined herein as a combination of traditional light-frame wood shear walls with post-tensioned rocking Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The post-tensioned CLT panels in the hybrid system offer both vertical and lateral load resistance and self-centering capacities. The traditional Light-Frame Wood Systems (LiFS) provide additional lateral load resistanc...

Timber under real fire conditions – the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319919191... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Joachim Schmid, Alessandro Santomaso, Daniel Brandon, Ulf Wickström, Andrea Frangi
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the influencing factors on the charring behaviour of timber, the char layer and the charring depth in non-standard fires. Design/methodology/approach – This paper summarizes outcomes of tests, investigating the influences on the charring behavior of timber by varying the oxygen content and the gas velocity in the compartment. Results show that charring is depending on the fire compartment temperature, but results show further that at higher o...