Seismic Design of Multi-Storey CLT Buildings According to EUROCODE 8 | Request P
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286447258... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2013
Maurizio Follesa, Ioannis P. Christovasilis, Davide Vassallo, Massimo Fragiacomo, Ario Ceccotti
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) structures are nowadays increasingly used worldwide and mostly in Europe where the system originated. However, in spite of this diffusion which led to the construction of a great number of multi-storey buildings all over Europe, still Eurocodes are almost completely missing provisions for CLT designers, especially regarding the seismic design. Nevertheless, Eurocode 8 requires in most cases, due to the regularity criteria being not fulfilled for most of the buildings...

The effect of controlling the drying distortion of laminas on the production yield of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using Larix kaempferi wood
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2016
Yeonjung Han, Jun-Ho Park, Yoon-Seong Chang, Yonggun Park, Jung-Kwon Oh, Jung-Pyo Hong, Jun-Jae Lee, Hwanmyeong Yeo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lamina distortion control on the production yield of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch (Larix kaempferi) wood. The measured production yield of CLT was 27 %. The yields based on log volume of sawing, planing, cross-cutting, and finish planing of CLT were 49, 66, 96, and 86 %, respectively. The yield of sawing and planing can be improved by controlling distortion during drying. Using an experimental enforced-loading apparat...

Structural performance of a novel Interlocking Glued Solid Timber system
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-0... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Panagiotis Patlakas, Michele Brunetti, Ioannis Christovasilis, Michela Nocetti, Benedetto Pizzo
This paper introduces a novel mass timber construction (MTC) system and presents the results of an initial exploration of its structural performance. This system is called Interlocking Glued Solid Timber (IGST) and employs standard-sized solid timber joists, glued together in overlapping patterns. Diagonal cuts are utilised in order to bond adjoining elements. For the purposes of the tests described in this paper, a total of 70 spruce joists were collected at a sawmill and categorised via dynami...

Influence of interior layer properties to moisture dry-out of CLT walls
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cj... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2018
Villu Kukk, Annegrete Külaots, Jaan Kers, Targo Kalamees
The objective of this study was intended to determine the maximum allowable initial moisture content for CLT walls having both exterior and interior thermal insulation. A laboratory test was conducted, for which four test walls with two different insulation solutions and two different initial moisture contents were built. Based on the test results a simulation model was configured and simulations using the model were completed. The results from simulation determined that the maximum allowable in...

Fire Safety of Mass Timber Buildings with CLT in USA
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
David Barber
Multistory buildings using mass timber and cross-laminated timber (CLT) as the primary structural elements are being planned and constructed globally, with interest starting to gather momentum in the United States. Model building codes in the United States limit timber construction to a building height of 85 ft (25.9 m) because of concerns over fire safety and structural performance. Up to 85 ft, the mass timber can be exposed. Architects and developers in the United States are pushing boundarie...

Durability of Mass Timber Structures: A Review of the Biological Risks
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2018
J.Y. Wang, R Stirling, Paul I. Morris, A. Taylor, J. Lloyd, G. Kirker, S. Lebow, M. Mankowski, H. M. Barnes, J. J. Morrell
Mass timber structures have the potential to change wooden construction on a global scale. Numerous mass timber high-rise buildings are in planning, under development or already built and their performance will alter how architects and engineers view wood as a material. To date, the discussion of material durability and biodegradation in these structures has been limited. While all materials can be degraded by wetting, the potential for biodegradation of wood in a mass timber building requires s...

Seismic Design of Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/27... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Thomas Tannert, Maurizio Follesa, Massimo Fragiacomo, Paulina Gonzalez, Hiroshi Isoda, Daniel Moroder, Haibei Xiong, John van de Lindt
The increasing interest in cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction has resulted in multiple international research projects and publications covering the manufacturing and performance of CLT. Multiple regions and countries have adopted provisions for CLT into their engineering design standards and building regulations. Designing and building CLT structures, also in earthquake-prone regions is no longer a domain for early adopters, but is becoming a part of regular timber engineering practice. ...

Design Approaches for CLT Connections
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Mohammad Mohammad, Hans Blass, Alexander Salenikovich, Andreas Ringhofer, Philip Line, Douglas Rammer, Tobias Smith, Minghao Li
Various design approaches for establishing the resistance of connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures have been developed and adopted in timber design standards worldwide. Although the fundamental principles are similar, the new design provisions for CLT connections have been aligned in some standards with the existing design philosophy and format adopted for sawn timber and glulam using traditional fasteners such as dowels, nails, and wood screws for consistency and simplicity, in...

Fire Design of CLT in Europe
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Birgit Anna-Lisa Östman, Joachim Schmid, Michael Klippel, Alar Just, Norman Werther, Daniel Brandon
The fire safety design of cross-laminated timber (CLT or X-Lam) in Europe is governed by the Construction Products Regulation and its essential requirements, as for all other building products. These requirements are mandatory, to be used in all European countries. They include classification systems for reaction to fire of building products, fire resistance of building elements, and structural Eurocodes. The reaction-to-fire performance of CLT in accordance with the European classification syst...

Fire Safety of CLT Buildings in New Zealand and Australia
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Andrew H Buchanan, Andrew Dunn, James O'Neill, Dennis Pau
This article summarizes the design procedures for ensuring fire safety in cross laminated timber (CLT) buildings in Australia and New Zealand, with reference to the Building Codes in both countries. New Zealand and Australia are located close together geographically and have similarities in some areas of building control, but prescriptive code requirements are often very different. There is a small but growing local CLT industry, but CLT materials for large projects are imported from Europe....

Fire Safety of CLT Buildings in Canada
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/27... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Joseph Z Su
This article provides an overview of the code requirements pertinent to large cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings and the methods for meeting the requirements in Canada. Canadian building codes are objective-based. Compliance with the code is achieved by directly applying the acceptable solutions up to certain prescriptive building sizes (height and area) or by developing alternative solutions beyond the height and area limits. The fire safety design for a CLT building larger than the prescri...

Recent Development in CLT Connections Part I: In-Plane Shear Connection for CLT Bracing Elements under Static Loads
https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/26... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Tobias Schmidt, Hans Joachim Blass
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is already being used successfully in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. The use of computerized numerical control (CNC) automatic processing machines and high degree of prefabrication in combination with relatively large elements lead to short erection time on building site and to potentially cost-effective constructions. High in-plane shear strength and stiffness of the CLT itself make CLT members especially suited for bracing elements with in-plane...

Structural Optimization of Cross-laminated Timber Panels in One-way Bending
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Paul Mayencourt, Caitlin Mueller
In the United States, Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels are gaining considerable attention as designers focus on building more ecological and sustainable cities. These panels, which are surface elements made from layers of orthogonally bonded layers of dimensional lumber, can speed up construction on site due to their high degree of prefabrication, and consequently, CLT is deployed for slab systems, walls and composite systems in modern buildings. However, the structural use of material is ine...

Experimental and numerical performance of shear connections in CLT–concrete composite floor
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-0... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2018
Khai Quang Mai, Aron Park, Kihak Lee
The hybrid cross-laminated timber (CLT) and concrete system has drawn attention as an attractive application for residential and commercial buildings. However, it is crucial to fully understand the mechanical characteristics of the CLT–concrete composite connections before such a hybrid structure becomes widely applicable. This paper assesses the structural performance (force–slip response, slip modulus, and failure mode) of a CLT–concrete composite by conducting fifteen pushout test specimens, ...

Withdrawal resistance of self-tapping screws in unidirectional and orthogonal layered timber products
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-0... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2013
A. Ringhofer, R. Brandner, G. Schickhofer
Self-tapping screws placed in timber show a high load-carrying capacity if stressed in axial direction. They are widely used in contemporary engineered timber structures, e.g. for joining of linear members like solid timber or glued laminated timber (glulam) and in plane elements like cross laminated timber. In doing so, an influence on the withdrawal capacity by the number and orientation of layers penetrated by the screw can be assumed. Current standards regulate the withdrawal resistance of s...

FE analysis of CLT panel subjected to torsion and verified by DIC
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-0... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Václav Sebera, Lech Muszyński, Jan Tippner, Melanie Noyel, Thomas Pisaneschi, Benjamin Sundberg
The goal of this study was to analyze behavior of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel subjected to torsion and develop an efficient procedure for quick verification of numerical model of CLT that subsequently may be used for virtual prototyping of non-standard CLT products. Study used both experiments based on optical measurement using digital image correlation (DIC) and numerical modeling by means of finite element method (FEM). A physical torsion test of the CLT panel was first analyzed in ...

Experimental Investigation of Self-Centering Cross-Laminated Timber Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2017
Ryan Ganey, Jeffrey Berman, Tugce Akbas, Sara Loftus; J. Daniel Dolan, Richard Sause, James Ricles, Shiling Pei, John van de Lindt, Hans-Erik Blomgren
Mass timber is an attractive and sustainable alternative structural engineering material to concrete and steel. Despite successful midrise to high-rise timber building projects around the world, such buildings have not been implemented in regions with high seismicity due in part to a lack of research and development on appropriate ductile seismic load resisting systems for heavy timber construction. This paper describes experiments conducted to develop a resilient lateral force-resisting wall sy...

Lateral-Load Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Thomas Reynolds, Robert Foster, Julie Bregulla, Wen-Shao Chang, Richard Harris, Michael Ramage
Cross-laminated timber shear wall systems are used as a lateral load resisting system in multistory timber buildings. Walls at each level typically bear directly on the floor panels below and are connected by nailed steel brackets. Design guidance for the lateral-load resistance of such systems is not well established and design approaches vary among practitioners. Two cross-laminated two-story timber shear wall systems are tested under vertical and lateral load, along with pullout tests on indi...

Force Transfer around Openings in Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
Sai Ganesh S. Pai, Frank Lam, Terje Haukaas
This paper presents a study on force transfer around openings (FTAO) in cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls. To elucidate the load transfer mechanism in CLT walls, this study used finite-element models to study five different CLT shear wall configurations. The effect of uncertainty in the behavior of connectors in the wall over its force-deformation behavior and design transfer force was also studied. In a coupled-panel wall, the presence of an opening decreased the strength and stiffness o...

Lateral and Withdrawal Capacity of Fasteners on Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Panels
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2018
Vahid Mahdavifar, Arijit Sinha, Andre R. Barbosa, Lech Muszynski, Rakesh Gupta
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an orthogonally laminated timber panel product made using dimensional lumber. It is gaining traction in the construction industry, as is evident by the increasing number projects using CLT. Currently, CLT panels are manufactured using single species of wood; however, as the product matures, several combinations of species/grades layups may be used to optimize the properties and achieve economic efficiency. The panels using these different combinations of species a...