Seismic Design of Cross-Laminated Timber Platform Buildings Using a Coupled Shearwall Concept
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
S. Pei, C. Lenon, G. Kingsley, P. Deng
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood material that was introduced in the last decade as a promising candidate for building wood structures higher than 10 stories. Thus far, a handful of tall residential CLT buildings have been built in low seismic regions around the world. Previous full-scale seismic shaking table tests of multistory CLT buildings revealed that this system is susceptible to overturning damage as a result of lateral seismic loads. To effectively resist overturning, ...

Investigating the Hysteretic Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Wall Systems due to Connections
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Matteo Izzi, Andrea Polastri, Massimo Fragiacomo
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall systems are composed of massive timber panels that are fastened together and to the horizontal elements (foundations or intermediate floors) with step joints and mechanical connections. Due to the high in-plane stiffness of CLT, the shear response of such systems depends strongly on the connections used. This paper proposes a numerical model capable of predicting the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of CLT wall systems. The wall and the element to whic...

Experimental Testing of Rocking Cross-Laminated Timber Walls with Resilient Slip Friction Joints
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Ashkan Hashemi Pouyan Zarnani Reza Masoudnia, Pierre Quenneville
Allowing a wall to rock and uplift during a seismic event can cap the forces and minimize the postevent residual damage. Slip friction connections comprised of flat steel plates sliding over each other have been experimentally tested as the hold-down connectors in timber shear walls and performed well in terms of the hysteretic behavior and the energy dissipation rate. However, the main disadvantage of these joints is the undesirable residual displacements. In recognition of this fact, a novel t...

Displacement Design Procedure for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Rocking Walls with Sacrificial Dampers
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2015
Mengzhe Gu, Weichiang Pang, Scott Schiff
This paper presents the preliminary design of a rocking Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) wall using a displacement-based design procedure. The CLT wall was designed to meet three performance expectations: immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP). Each performance expectation is defined in terms of an inter-story drift limit with a predefined non-exceedance probability at a given hazard level. U-shape flexural plates were used to connect the vertical joint between the ...

Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Connections with Double-Angled Self-Tapping Screw Assemblies
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2016
Afrin Hossain, Ilana Danzig, Thomas Tannert
The research presented in this paper examines the shear resistance performance of self-tapping screws (STS) in three-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Specifically, the feasibility of using innovative STS assemblies with double inclination of fasteners was investigated for the shear connection of CLT panels. The specimens (1.5×1.5  m) were subjected to quasi-static and reversed-cyclic loading. The tests were set up to approximate pure shear loading, with three-panel CLT assemblies connect...

Cross-Laminated Timber Plates: Evaluation and Verification of Homogenized Elastic Properties
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2007
Daniel Gsell, Glauco Feltrin, Sandy Schubert, Rene Steiger, Masoud Motavalli
Cross-laminated solid wood panels are used in timber structures as load bearing plates and shear panels. Since timber is a relatively soft construction material, the design of such structures is driven by serviceability criteria. Therefore, accurate elastic properties are required. In this paper a fully automated procedure to determine global elastic properties of full-scale cross-laminated wood panels is developed. Experimental modal analysis is used to determine resonance frequencies and mode ...

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Subjected to Out-of-Plane Blast Loads
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Other] [Journal Article] 2018
Mathieu Poulin, Christian Viau, Daniel N. Lacroix, Ghasan Doudak
Presented in this paper are the results of an experimental program investigating the out-of-plane behavior of CLT panels under static and blast loading. A total of 18 CLT panels, with panel thicknesses of 105 and 175 mm corresponding to a 3-ply and 5-ply panel, respectively, were investigated with the aim to determine the dynamic increase factor (DIF). An average dynamic increase factor of 1.28 on the resistance and no apparent increase in stiffness from static to dynamic loading were observed. ...

Experimental Characterization of Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Responses of CLT Panel-To-Foundation Angle Bracket Connections
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2015
Roberto Tomasi, Ian Smith
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood plate product suitable for the construction of shear walls in low-rise and medium-rise residential and commercial buildings. CLT shear walls are attached to foundations by using metal connectors arranged to prevent the horizontal sliding and uplift of entire superstructures. It is critical that individual CLT panels remain properly anchored, even during events such as design level wind storms and earthquakes, and that overloaded connectors attac...

Connection System of Massive Timber Elements Used in Horizontal Slabs of Hybrid Tall Buildings
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2011
Andi Asiz, Ian Smith
This paper discusses connections between Cross-Laminated-Timber (CLT) floor slabs and steel framework of hybrid tall buildings. Using the example of a 24-story building analysis, it is shown that such connections can be made using simple fasteners like large screws to enforce efficient diaphragm action in the critical case of CLT slabs subjected to lateral seismic or wind events. Results of laboratory tests on connections between CLT slabs and structural steel members are presented to prove this...

Mode Cross-Over and Ductility of Dowelled LVL and CLT Connections under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus, Minghao Li, Tobias Smith, Pierre Quenneville
This paper presents an experimental study on dowelled connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) using ϕ20-mm mild steel dowels and internal steel plates. Connections designed to fail in brittle row shear and group tear-out were tested under monotonic loading to assess the validity of analytical models from literature and code provisions. Connections designed to provide nonlinearity before failure and thus produce ductility were tested under both monotonic and ...

Predicting the Effective Flange Width of a CLT Slab in Timber Composite Beams
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2018
Reza Masoudnia, Ashkan Hashemi, Pierre Quenneville
A timber composite beam consists of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel attached to a girder such as a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beam. Under positive bending moment, part of the CLT panel acts as the flange of the LVL girder and resists compression. When the spacing between LVL girders becomes large, simple beam theory is not applicable because the compressive stresses in the flange vary with the distance from the LVL girder web, and the flange area over the web is more highly stressed than...

Seismic Base Shear Modification Factors for Timber-Steel Hybrid Structure: Collapse Risk Assessment Approach
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
M. A. Bezabeh, S. Tesfamariam, M. Popovski, K. Goda, S. F. Stiemer
In this paper, to supplement the Canadian building code for a timber-steel hybrid structure, over-strength, and ductility-related force modification factors are developed and validated using a collapse risk assessment approach. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) infill walls within steel moment resisting frames. Following the FEMA P695 procedure, archetype buildings of 3-story, 6-story, and 9-story height with middle bay infilled with CLT were developed. Subsequently,...

Analytical Approach to Establishing the Elastic Behavior of Multipanel CLT Shear Walls Subjected to Lateral Loads
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Daniele Casagrande, Ghasan Doudak, Luigi Mauro, Andrea Polastri
Structures assembled with cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels, and designed to resist gravity and lateral loads, are being considered as viable options for low-rise to mid-rise buildings. In this paper, an analytical approach based on the minimum total potential energy principle has been developed in order to determine the mechanical behavior of 1-story multipanel CLT walls. Expressions for determination of the elastic stiffness and capacity are proposed that take into account the geometry of th...

Performance of a 2-Story CLT House Subjected to Lateral Loads
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Marjan Popovski, Igor Gavric
A 2-story full-scale model of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) house was tested under quasi-static monotonic and cyclic loading. The primary objectives were to investigate 3D system performance of a CLT structure subjected to lateral loads in terms of lateral strength and deformability capacity, global behavior of the structure, frequency response of the structure before and after each test, and performance of anchoring connectors (hold-downs, brackets) and connections between CLT panels. The hous...

Hybrid System of Unbonded Post-Tensioned CLT Panels and Light-Frame Wood Shear Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2017
Tu Xuan Ho, Thang Nguyen Dao, Sriram Aaleti, John W. van de Lindt, Douglas R. Rammer
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new type of massive timber system that has shown to possess excellent mechanical properties and structural behavior in building construction. When post-tensioned with high-strength tendons, CLT panels perform well under cyclic loadings because of two key characteristics: their rocking behavior and self-centering capacity. Although post-tensioned rocking CLT panels can carry heavy gravity loads, resist lateral loads, and self-center after a seismic eve...

Full-Scale Tests and Numerical Analysis of Low-Rise CLT Structures under Lateral Loading
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Motoi Yasumura, Kenji Kobayashi, Minoru Okabe, Tatsuya Miyake, Kazuyuki Matsumoto
This study examines the mechanical performance of large and small cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall panels with different applications. Two CLT structures were subjected to reversed cyclic lateral loads. One structure consisted of 90-mm-thick, large CLT wall panels (6×2.7  m), and the other consisted of 90-mm-thick, small CLT wall panels (1×2.7  m). A weight was installed on the roof of two-story structures to simulate the weight of three-story structures, designed by elastic calculations with a...

Structural Design, Approval, and Monitoring of a UBC Tall Wood Building
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784480... [Tall Buildings] [Conference Paper] 2017
T. Tannert, M. Moudgil
In this paper, we discuss the structural design of one of the tallest timber-based hybrid buildings in the world: the 18 storey, 53 meter tall student residence on the campus of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. The building is of hybrid construction: 17 storeys of mass wood construction on top of one storey of concrete construction. Two concrete cores containing vertical circulation provide the required lateral resistance. The timber system is comprised of cross-laminated timber ...

Alternate Load-Path Analysis for Mid-Rise Mass-Timber Buildings
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784481... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2018
Hercend Mpidi Bita, Thomas Tannert
This paper presents an investigation of possible disproportionate collapse for a nine-storey flat-plate timber building, designed for gravity and lateral loads. The alternate load-path analysis method is used to understand the structural response under various removal speeds. The loss of the corner and penultimate ground floor columns are the two cases selected to investigate the contribution of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels and their connections, towards disproportionate collapse prev...

Timber-Concrete Composites Using Flat-Plate Engineered Wood Products
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2015
A. Gerber, T. Tannert
Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) systems have been employed as an efficient solution in medium span structural applications; their use remains largely confined to European countries. TCC systems are generally comprised of a timber and concrete element with a shear connection between. A large number of precedents for T-beam configurations exist; however, the growing availability of flat plate engineered wood products (EWPs) in North America has offered designers greater versatility in terms of flo...

Effectiveness of Distributed Mass Damper Systems for Lightweight Superstructures
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Alanna Erdle, Jan Weckendorf, Andi Asiz, Ian Smith
Distributed mass damper (DMD) systems are discussed as a method of suppressing lateral motions of superstructures during wind storms and earthquakes. Potentially, DMD systems are a technology that is economical enough for widespread application to buildings or other structures. Focus is placed on lightweight superstructures as a reflection of the trend toward the use of ultra-lightweight floor slabs in high-rise buildings. Results of model-scale experiments are presented that show that tuned mas...