Control of Building Sway and Force Flows Using Ultralightweight Slabs
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2014
Andi Asiz, Ian Smith
Design analyses are presented to demonstrate the technical advantages of substituting ultralightweight slab materials like cross-laminated-timber (CLT) for reinforced concrete (RC) floors and roofs of low-rise and high-rise hybrid building superstructures. Such substitution reduces the gravitational masses of slab by at least two-thirds without reducing functionality as bending or diaphragm slabs. Specific illustrations of design impacts of using CLT are given for hybrid building superstructures...

Quasi-Static Cyclic Testing of Two-Thirds Scale Unbonded Posttensioned Rocking Dissipative Timber Walls
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Francesco Sarti, Alessandro Palermo, Stefano Pampanin
Posttensioning low-damage technologies were first developed in the late 1990s as the main outcome of the U.S. Precast Seismic Structural System (PRESSS) program coordinated by the University of California, San Diego, and culminated with the pseudo-dynamic test of a large-scale five-story test building. The extension of posttensioned techniques to timber elements led to the development of new structural systems, referred to as Pres-Lam (prestressed laminated timber). Pres-Lam systems consist of t...

Proposal for Defining a Tall Timber Building
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Tall Buildings] [Conference Paper] 2016
Robert M. Foster, Thomas P. S. Reynolds, and Michael H. Ramage
Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal....

Post-Tensioned Mass Timber Systems
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784480... [Seismic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2017
Asif Iqbal, Marjan Popovski
A new type of mass timber structural system has been developed in New Zealand over the last decade. Timber members made of engineered wood products are used in combination with post-tensioning cables to produce highly efficient structural components suitable for multi-story moment resisting frames or shear wall-based lateral load resisting systems. Both systems are particularly useful in structures designed in high seismic regions. The post-tensioning also ensures self-centering of the component...

Seismic Design and Analysis of a 20-Storey Demonstration Wood Building
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2015
Zhiyong Chen, Ying Hei Chui, Marjan Popovski
This paper presents the seismic design and analysis of a 20-storey demonstration wood building, which was conducted as a part of the NEWBuildS tall wood building design project. A hybrid lateral load resisting system was chosen for the building. The system consisted of shear walls and a shear core, both made of structural composite lumber, connected with dowel-type connections and heavy-duty HSK (wood-steel-composite) system. The core and the shear walls were linked with horizontal steel beams a...

Bending Performance of Box-Based Cross-Laminated Timber Systems
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2013
Yue Chen, Frank Lam
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a growing phenomenon and a recent building solution alternative in timber construction in North America by using massive or solid wood plates as roof, floor, and wall elements. In this paper a variation of the conventional CLT is considered by studying the performance of box-based CLT systems, which refer to box beams with multiple voids. In some loading situations, such as out-of-plane bending, these systems, which can reduce structural weight without significant...

Multi-Storey Residential Timber Construction: Current Developments in Europe
https://pinnacle-secure.allenpress.com/action/getS... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2007
Frank Lattke, Steffen Lehmann
This is a research paper with a focus on technical aspects of timber and on recent case studies, discussing the use of timber as multi-frame for multi-level residential buildings in Europe. The authors see this as a relevant topic within the context of the current environmental debate and the use of sustainable materials and construction methods. The conclusion suggests that timber is a high performance construction material adequate for multi-storey residential buildings, even in an urban conte...

Effect of Blue Stain on Bond Shear Resistance of Polyurethane Resins Used for Cross-Laminated Timber
https://pinnacle-secure.allenpress.com/action/getS... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2018
Xiaoping Li, Blake Larkin, Lech Muszynski, and Jeffrey J. Morrell
The effect of blue stain on shear strength of cold-set polyurethane resin (PUR) bonds was investigated using lodgepole pine lumber with varying degrees of stain and two different wood grain orientations. While blue stain was associated with definite differences in wood permeability, it had no negative effect on shear strength or wood failure percent. The results indicate that blue stain will not adversely affect bond strength of PUR bonds....

The evaluation of panel bond quality and durability of hem-fir cross-laminated timber (CLT)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2018
Jianhe Brad Wang, Peixing Wei, Zizhen Gao, Chunping Dai
To better use the second-growth wood resources in value-added applications, this work addressed the manufacturing aspects of cross-laminated timber (CLT) products from western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg) and amabilis fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) (or hem-fir) harvested from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Small CLT billets (nominal 610 mm × 610 mm) were made to examine CLT bond quality and durability through block shear and delamination tests. Two types of adhesives, single...

Probabilistic models for the withdrawal behavior of single self-tapping screws in the narrow face of cross laminated timber (CLT)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2017
R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer, M. Grabner
Cross laminated timber (CLT) and self-tapping screws have strongly dominated the latest developments in timber engineering. Although knowledge of connection techniques in traditional light-frame structures can be applied to solid timber constructions with CLT, there are some product specifics requiring additional attention; for example in positioning of fasteners, differentiation in the side face and narrow face of the panels and the influence of potential gaps. The load–displacement behaviour o...

Cyclic behavior of typical screwed connections for cross-laminated (CLT) structures
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2015
Igor Gavric, Massimo Fragiacomo, Ario Ceccotti
This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental programme on typical cross-laminated timber (CLT) screwed connections conducted at CNR-IVALSA research institute. In-plane monotonic and cyclic shear and withdrawal tests were performed on screwed wall-to-wall, floor-to-floor and wall-to-floor CLT connections. Mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, ductility ratio and impairment of strength were evaluated. The experimental results showed good performance...

In-plane stiffness of timber floors strengthened with CLT
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2015
J. M. Branco, M. Kekeliak, P. B. Lourenço
Five full-scale timber floors were tested in order to analyse the in-plane behaviour of these structural systems. The main objective was an assessment of the effectiveness of in-plane strengthening using cross-laminated timber (CLT). To this end, one unstrengthened specimen (original), one specimen strengthened with a second layer of floorboards, two specimens strengthened with three CLT panels, and one specimen strengthened with two CLT panels, were tested. A numerical analysis was then perform...

Numerical analysis of tall CLT-concrete buildings with mechanical connections
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2016
Y. Xia, J. W. G. van de Kuilen
A finite element model is developed to simulate and analyze the lateral behavior of a wood-concrete skyscraper under wind loads. The main goal of the model is to obtain a flexible tool in order to determine horizontal stiffness and to be able to optimize choices regarding material of the core (CLT or concrete) and fastener type and spacing along the core-structure interfaces. First, a temporary model is used to estimate the distributed shear forces depending on type of fasteners and spacing. The...

Behavior of cross-laminated timber diaphragm connections with self-tapping screws
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Kyle Sullivan, Thomas H. Miller, Rakesh Gupta
Monotonic and cyclic tests were carried out to determine strength and stiffness characteristics of 2.44 m (8 ft) long shear connections with 8 mm and 10 mm diameter self-tapping screws. The goal of this research is to compare test values of cross-laminated timber (CLT) diaphragm connections in seismic force-resisting systems to the design values calculated from formulas in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (USA) and the Eurocode. Understanding and quantifying the behavior o...

General shell section properties and failure model for cross-laminated timber obtained by numerical homogenization
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Thomas Furtmüller, Benjamin Giger, Christoph Adam
In this study homogenized mechanical properties are derived for structural finite element analysis of cross-laminated timber (CLT) discretized by means of shell elements. In the first step, based on the results of experimental three-point bending tests on a CLT slab component, a numerical optimization procedure is applied to identify the elastic and plastic properties of the individual spruce wood laminates, considering orthotropic elasticity and Hill’s yield criterion. Taking into account its p...

The lateral load resistance of unclassified cross-laminated timber walls: Experimental tests and theoretical approach
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
H. Wadi, S. Amziane, M. Taazount
This paper focuses mainly on the mechanical behaviour of unclassified cross-laminated timber walls under lateral loading (seismic and wind loads). Unclassified wooden planks were used to construct the wall unit with an odd number of layers (three) for each wall, with the planks in each layer in a perpendicular relative orientation. In this research, an experimental study of large-scale timber walls was carried out with a view to determining the lateral load resistance. Diagonal struts, under ten...

Modelling the mechanical behaviour of typical wall-to-floor connection systems for cross-laminated timber structures
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Matteo Izzi, Andrea Polastri, Massimo Fragiacomo
This paper proposes a numerical model capable of predicting the mechanical behaviour and the failure mechanism of typical wall-to-floor connections for Cross-Laminated Timber structures. Such systems are assembled with angle brackets and hold-downs, anchored to the wall and floor panels with profiled nails and bolts. The metal connector and the elements to which it is fastened are modelled using 3D solid bodies, while the steel-to-timber joints are simulated as non-linear hysteretic springs. She...

Elastic behavior of Cross Laminated Timber and timber panels with regular gaps: Thick-plate modeling and experimental validation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
L. Franzoni, A. Lebée, F. Lyon, G. Forêt
In the present paper, the influence of periodic gaps between lamellas of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) on the panel’s elastic behavior is analyzed by means of a periodic homogenization scheme for thick plates having periodic geometry. Both small gaps, due to the fabrication process of not-gluing lateral lamellas, and wider gaps are investigated. The results obtained with the periodic homogenization scheme are compared to existing closed-form solutions and available experimental data. It appears t...

Structural capacity in fire of laminated timber elements in compartments with exposed timber surfaces
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Felix Wiesner, Luke A. Bisby, Alastair I.Bartletta, Juan P. Hidalgo, Simón Santamaria, Susan Deeny, Rory M. Haddena
In compartment fires with boundaries consisting of exposed mass timber surfaces – for example in compartments with exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls or floors – the thermal penetration depth, i.e. the depth of timber heated to temperatures significantly above ambient behind the char-timber interface, during fire exposure may have a significant influence on the load bearing capacity of structural mass timber buildings, particularly in the decay phase of a real fire. This paper presents i...

Experimental seismic behavior of a two-story CLT platform building
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
John W. van de Lindt, Jace Furley, M. Omar Amini, Shiling Pei, Gabriele Tamagnone, Andre R. Barbosa, Doug Rammer, Philip Line, Massimo Fragiacomo, Marjan Popovski
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing and construction has been steadily growing since its inception in Europe in the 1990s. In the US, the growth of the CLT adoption is inhibited by the lack of codified design provisions for CLT in high seismic regions. This led to a multi-year study conducted by Colorado State University to investigate suitable seismic design parameters of CLT shear wall systems. This paper presents the results from a series of shake-table tests featuring a full-scale two...