Experimental test of coupling effect on CLT hold-down connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2019
Jingjing Liu, Frank Lam
This paper investigated the coupling effect of tension and shear loading on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) hold-down connections through experimental tests. Monotonic and cyclic tests of the connections were carried out in tension with 3 different levels of co-existent constant shear forces, and in shear with 5 different levels of co-existent tension forces. Failure mode, hysteresis loops, strength and stiffness, equivalent viscous damping and strength degradation, energy dissipation, and coupling...

Experimental study of steel-timber composite (STC) beam to steel column joints having a flush end-plate
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
N. Keipour, H.R. Valipour, M.A. Bradford
In recent published works, the feasibility and composite action of steel-timber composite (STC) systems have been demonstrated through push-out tests on STC joints and bending tests on STC beams subjected to sagging (positive) bending moment. However, the behaviour of STC beams subjected to negative bending moments, where the comparatively high tensile strength of the timber slab (compared to a concrete slab) can significantly increase the bending moment capacity and stiffness of STC beam-to-col...

Multipanel CLT shearwalls: an analytical methodology to predict the elastic-plastic behaviour
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Vincent Nolet, Daniele Casagrande, Ghasan Doudak
Despite the significant contributions made to the topic of multipanel cross laminated timber (CLT) shearwalls, a comprehensive analytical model that can accurately predict the non-linear behaviour of the walls is still unavailable. In the current study, an analytical procedure is presented to describe the elastic-plastic behaviour of CLT shearwalls subjected to lateral loads. The aim is to derive expressions that enable the development of complete force-displacement curves for the CLT shearwalls...

Experimental test of coupling effect on CLT angle bracket connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Jingjing Liu, Frank Lam
In this paper, the coupling effect of axial and lateral loading on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) angle bracket connections is investigated through experimental tests. Monotonic and cyclic tests of the connections were carried out in shear, with different levels of constant force applied in tension simultaneously. Specimens subject to four different levels of tension forces were tested and the results were analyzed in terms of key mechanical characteristics of those connections including strength,...

Experimental and numerical investigation of short-term behaviour of CLT-steel composite beams
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2017
A.Hassanieh, H.R. Valipour, M.A. Bradford
This paper concerns the short-term behaviour of innovative steel-timber composite (STC) floors comprising of cross-laminated timber panels connected to steel girders by various mechanical fasteners and/or glue. The results of four-point bending tests performed on full-scale STC beams are reported and the structural behaviour (the load-deflection response, short-term stiffness, peak load capacity, and failure modes) of the proposed STC system is studied. In addition, extensive non-linear 1D and 2...

Ductility aspects of reinforced and non-reinforced timber joints
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2011
Hans Joachim Blaß, Patrick Schädle
Even though brittle failure modes in timber joints may be avoided by the proper design of the connection, the use of minimum timber dimensions and minimum spacing and distances of fasteners often leads to timber splitting in the connection area. Due to the highly nonlinear behaviour of timber loaded in compression as well as the steel used for mechanical fasteners, timber joints can behave in a rather ductile manner. Ductile behaviour is preferable in timber structures. Technical innovations reg...

Closed-form solutions for predicting the thick elastic plate behavior of CLT and timber panels with gaps
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
L.Franzoni, A. Lebée, F. Lyon, G. Forêt
In a former paper by the authors (Franzoni et al., 2017), the elastic behavior of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and timber panels having periodic gaps between lateral lamellae has been analyzed. A thick plate homogenization scheme based on Finite Elements computations has been applied. The predicted behavior was in agreement with experimental results. In this paper, simplified closed-form solutions are derived in order to avoid FE modeling. Both cases of narrow gaps of CLT panels and wide gaps of...

A hysteresis model for timber joints with dowel-type fasteners
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Matteo Izzi, Giovanni Rinaldin, Andrea Polastri, Massimo Fragiacomo
Predicting the mechanical behaviour and the failure mechanism of timber joints with dowel-type fasteners requires consideration of several factors, including the geometrical and mechanical properties of the metal fastener, the physical properties of timber and the interaction between such elements. This paper proposes a numerical model where a joint is schematized as an elasto-plastic beam in a non-linear medium with a compression-only behaviour. Unlike the differential approach adopted by most ...

Innovative composite steel-timber floors with prefabricated modular components
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2017
Cristiano Loss, Buick Davison
An innovative steel-timber composite floor for use in multi-storey residential buildings is presented. The research demonstrates the potential of these steel-timber composite systems in terms of bearing capacity, stiffness and method of construction. Such engineered solutions should prove to be sustainable since they combine recyclable materials in the most effective way. The floors consist of prefabricated ultralight modular components, with a Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) slab, joined together ...

Seismic design of a six-storey CLT building in Italy
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
D. Vassallo, M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo
This paper presents the design and construction of a six-storey residential cross-laminated timber (CLT) building in Florence, Italy. The different phases of the design process are described in detail, together with the production, transportation and on-site construction. Special emphasis is given to the seismic design, where a recently developed proposal for the revision of the Eurocode 8 has been applied, demonstrating its feasibility. Some design and construction issues are also addressed, in...

Seismic assessment of a three-story wood building with an integrated CLT-lightframe system using RTHS
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Tu T. Nguyen, Thang N. Dao, Sriram Aaleti, John W. van de Lindt, Kenneth J. Fridley
This paper presents the results of an experimental study whose objective was to investigate the behavior of a hybrid wood shear-wall system defined herein as a combination of traditional light-frame wood shear walls with post-tensioned rocking Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The post-tensioned CLT panels in the hybrid system offer both vertical and lateral load resistance and self-centering capacities. The traditional Light-Frame Wood Systems (LiFS) provide additional lateral load resistanc...

A novel method for non-linear design of CLT wall systems
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2018
G. Tamagnone, G. Rinaldin, M. Fragiacomo
In this paper, a non-linear procedure for the seismic design of metal connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls subjected to bending and axial force is presented. Timber is conservatively modelled as an elasto-brittle material, whereas metal connections (hold-downs and angle brackets) are modelled with an elasto-plastic behavior. The reaction force in each connection is iteratively calculated by varying the position of the neutral axis at the base of the wall using a simple algorithm tha...

Rolling shear: Test configurations and properties of some European soft- and hardwood species
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2018
T. Ehrhart, R. Brandner
Shear stresses in planes perpendicular to the grain, so-called rolling shear stresses, need to be considered in the ultimate and serviceability limit state design of many timber structural elements. Knowledge about the rolling shear modulus and strength has further gained in importance since the invention and increased use of cross laminated timber (CLT). As a result of the orthogonal orientation of adjacent layers within CLT, rolling shear stresses develop when CLT is subjected to out-of-plane ...

Seismic reliability analysis of a timber steel hybrid system
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Xiaoyue Zhang, Md Shahnewaz, Thomas Tannert
Seismic reliability analyses account for the inherent uncertainties in both the actions (earthquakes) and the reactions (properties of the structural systems) of a structure. To predict the failure probability of a structure, the system response due to external loads is usually estimated by a numerical method. In this paper, seismic reliability analyses were performed on a novel timber-steel hybrid system labelled FFTT (Finding the Forest Through the Trees) system. The FFTT system utilizes mass-...

Concrete apartment tower in Los Angeles reimagined in mass timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2018
Matthew Timmers, Andrew Tsay Jacobs
This study explores the seismic performance advantages and disadvantages of mass timber construction over reinforced concrete construction for high-rise buildings in high seismic regions. In a side-by-side comparison of a 20-story reinforced concrete tower and a corresponding mass timber tower, the timber tower is demonstrated to have roughly half the mass and twice the flexibility of the reinforced concrete tower. Building code minimum for acceleration and maximum for drift govern the lateral d...

Experimental investigation on in-plane stiffness and strength of innovative steel-timber hybrid floor diaphragms
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2017
Cristiano Loss, Andrea Frangi
An innovative steel-timber hybrid floor diaphragm with modular prefabricated composite elements is presented. Building elements have been designed to be quickly joined on site using only bolts and screws. The paper mainly deals with an experimental study on the response of the hybrid floor under horizontal loads. Monotonic and cyclic shear tests of a full-scale floor were executed in order to investigate the in-plane stiffness, bearing capacity, effective stress state and strain state, as well a...

Elastic and ductile design of multi-storey crosslam massive wooden buildings under seismic actions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2011
M. Fragiacomo, B. Dujic, I. Sustersic
The paper discusses the seismic design of multi-storey buildings made from cross-laminated timber panels (‘crosslam’). The use of seismic analysis methods such as the modal response spectrum and the non-linear static (push-over) analysis is discussed at length, including issues such as the modelling of crosslam walls and connections, the evaluation of the connection stiffness, and the schematization of floor panels. It was found that it is crucial to account for the flexibility of the connection...

Structural performance of large-scale dowelled CLT connections under monotonic and cyclic loading
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus, Minghao Li, Tobias Smith
This paper presents an experimental study on 12 large-scale dowelled CLT connections under monotonic and cyclic loading. The connection design was inspired by hold-downs in tall CLT shear wall systems, however, the connections were loaded uniaxially to assess the accuracy of the strength prediction with Eurocode 5 and to evaluate the connection behavior in terms of strength, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, and overstrength based on the load–displacement relationship. Two different conn...

Force-based seismic design of mixed CLT/Light-Frame buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo
This paper presents the results of a numerical study aimed to investigate the seismic behaviour of mixed multi-storey wood buildings made of CLT and Light-Frame shear walls acting at the same level. Eurocode 8 provides little information on the seismic design of buildings with different lateral load resisting systems working at the same level. A suggestion is given to perform non-linear static or non-linear dynamic analysis to design the structure. The application of linear analysis methods usin...

Seismic performance evaluation of timber-steel hybrid structure through large-scale shaking table tests
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Minjuan He, Qi Luo, Zheng Li, Hanlin Dong, Minghao Li
The experimental results and numerical simulation of shaking table tests on a two-thirds scale four-story timber-steel hybrid structure are reported in this paper. The hybrid structural system, developed recently, consists of prefabricated infill wood shear walls and moment-resisting steel frames serving as structural subassemblies to resist seismic loads together. The hybrid structure was subjected to earthquake ground motions at three different hazard levels with peak ground accelerations scal...