Systematic experimental investigation to support the development of seismic performance factors for cross laminated timber shear wall systems
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
M. Omar Amini, John W. van de Lindt, Douglas Rammer, Shiling Pei, Philip Line, Marjan Popovski
In the US, codified seismic design procedure requires the use of seismic performance factors which are currently not available for CLT shear wall systems. The study presented herein focuses on the determination of seismic design factors for CLT shear walls in platform type construction using the FEMA P-695 process. Results from the study will be proposed for implementation in the seismic design codes in the US. The project approach is outlined and selected results of full-scale shear wall testin...

Simple cross-laminated timber shear connections with spatially arranged screws
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Cristian Loss, Afrin Hossain, Thomas Tannert
This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the use of spatially arranged self-tapping screws (STS) as shear connections for cross-laminated timber panels. Specifically, simple butt joints combined with crossed STS with different inclinations were investigated under quasi-static monotonic and reversed-cyclic loadings. The influence of the number and angle of insertion of screws, screws characteristics, friction and loading on the joint performance was explored. The yield load, load-car...

Global Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Market to witness a CAGR of 16.2% during 2018-2024
https://www.apnews.com/c2cd3f8d13131430e003f869760... [Markets] [Web Page] 2018
Alan Andrews
The global cross laminated timber (CLT) market is expected to witness a CAGR of 16.2%, and is projected to reach USD 1,833.0 million by 2024. The growth in the cross laminated timber market is attributable to the augmenting environmental concerns as well as transition towards wood as a building product. Moreover, the growing government support for wood based construction is likely to fuel market demand. The report segments cross laminated timber market by Product (Adhesive Bonded, Mechanically F...

Cross laminated timber at in-plane beam loading - New analytical model predictions and relation to EC5
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327136041... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2018
Mario Jelec, Henrik Danielsson, Erik Serrano, Vlatka Rajcic
1/21/2019 (PDF) Cross laminated timber at in-plane beam loading - New analytical model predictions and relation to EC5https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327136041_Cross_laminated_timber_at_in-plane_beam_loading_-_New_analytical_model_… 1/6Cross laminated timber at in-plane beam loading - Newanalytical model predictions and relation to EC5Conference Paper (PDF Available) · August 2018 with 101ReadsConference: International Network on Timber EngineeringResearch - Meeting 51, At Tallinn, Est...

Disproportionate Collapse Investigation for Mid-Rise Timber Buildings
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326981617... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Hercend Mpidi Bita, Thomas Tannert
This paper employs the sudden column loss idealisation to study the probability of disproportionate collapse of a nine-storey flat-plate building, with Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) floor and wall panels and Glue-Laminated timber columns. The approach, characterised by quickly deleting the vertical key elements from their structural topology, triggers dynamic effects to mimic extreme loading events on a building designed for gravity and lateral loads. To capture the new load-path developed from t...

Analysis and Design of Cross-Laminated Timber Mats
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2019
Mustafa Mahamid, Ines Torra-Bilal
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe, has been gaining popularity in residential and industrial applications in several countries because of the many advantages it offers. Being an orthotropic material, CLT behavior is challenging to predict in various applications, thus requiring caution from engineers and researchers. This study presents the analysis and design procedure for CLT crane mats, mainly used to provide a stable roadb...

Influence of number of layers on embedment strength of dowel-type connections for glulam and cross-laminated timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Eero Tuhkanen, Joosep Molder, Gerhard Schickhofer
The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the embedment behaviour of dowel type fasteners in laminated timber. The influence of the number and thickness of the lamellas on embedment strength in glued laminated timber (GLT) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) is experimentally investigated and discussed. Full hole embedment tests in compression were conducted with specimens of equal properties (thickness, density), only with changes in the investigated parameter. The results ...

Influence of technical characteristics on the rolling shear properties of cross laminated timber by modified planar shear tests
http://revistas.ubiobio.cl/index.php/MCT/article/v... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Zhiqiang Wang, Jianhui Zhou, Weiqun Dong, Yue Yao, Meng Gong
Rolling shear properties of cross laminated timber are important mechanical properties for its structural application. To evaluate the influence of technical characteristics such as edge-gluing and gap size in the cross layers, on the measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber, three-layer spruce-pine-fire cross laminated timber shear block specimens with and without edge-gluing, with gaps of 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm, were tested by a modified planar shear test method...

Wood preservation for preventing biodeterioration of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels assembled in tropical locations
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2018
Gabriela Lotufo Oliveira, Fabiana Lopes de Oliveira, Sergio Brazolin
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a construction system based on pre-fabricated solid wood panels. As this system is produced with a natural material, its implementation is associated with the adoption of preventive measures against pathological processes intrinsic to wood, such as biodeterioration. This phenomenon can be defined as undesirable changes in wood elements provoked by living organisms that use wood as food supply. Microorganisms, such as fungi, and insects, such as termite and wood-bo...

Numerical optimisation of novel connection for cross laminated timber buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Hercend Mpidi Bita, Thomas Tannert
This paper presents Finite Element Analyses (FEA) on the performance of a novel hold-down connection, suitable for mass-timber buildings, consisting of hollow circular steel tubes, inserted in Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The FEA models, which account for nonlinear material properties of both timber and steel components, were validated against experimental results. The primary objective of this research was to optimise the connector geometry and material properties to achieve a target yi...

Numerical Study of Alternative Seismic-Resisting Systems for CLT Buildings
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/11/162... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Cristiano Loss, Stefano Pacchioli, Andrea Polastri, Daniele Casagrande, Luca Pozza, Ian Smith
Changes to building codes that enable use of materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) in mid- and high-rise construction are facilitating sustainable urban development in various parts of the world. Keys to this are the transition to multi-performance-based design approaches along with fewer limitations on heights or the number of storeys in superstructures constructed from combustible materials. Architects and engineers have increased freedom to apply new design and construction concepts ...

Comparison of Theoretical and Laboratory Out-of-Plane Shear Stiffness Values of Cross Laminated Timber Panels
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/10/146... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Jan Niederwestberg, Jianhui Zhou, Ying-Hei Chui
The lay-up of cross laminated timber (CLT) leads to significant differences in properties over its cross-section. Particularly the out-of-plane shear behavior of CLT is affected by the changes in shear moduli over the cross-section. Results from laboratory shear tests are used to evaluate the shear stiffness of 3- and 5-layer CLT panels in their major and minor strength direction. The results are compared to calculated shear stiffness values on evaluated single-layer properties as well as common...

Lateral and Withdrawl Capacity of Fasterners on Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Panels
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Vahid Mahdavifar, Arijit Sinha, Andre R. Barbosa, Lech Muszynski
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an orthogonally laminated timber panel product made using dimensional lumber. It is gaining traction in the construction industry, as is evident by the increasing number projects using CLT. Currently, CLT panels are manufactured using single species of wood; however, as the product matures, several combinations of species/grades layups may be used to optimize the properties and achieve economic efficiency. The panels using these different combinations of species a...

Mechanical characterization of pre-fabricated connection system for cross laminated timber structures in seismic regions
https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/mec... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2017
A. Polastri, I. Giongo, A. Angeli, R. Brandner
This paper focuses on the point-to-point X-RAD connection system for the construction of cross laminated timber buildings in earthquake prone areas. Tests on X-RAD connectors subjected to shear-tension and shear-compression loading configurations are presented as supplement to the experimental data provided in previously published research. Tests aimed at characterizing the behavior of timber walls assembled with the system and loaded by lateral force are also reported. A capacity domain that al...

Cross-Laminated Timber in North America: What Can We Learn?
http://biobus.swst.org/index.php/bpbj/article/view... [Markets] [Journal Article] 2018
Gabriel Schwarzmann, Eric Hansen, Gunter Berger
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is becoming global. New countries and regions increasingly realize its potential. As an example of a new market, this study analyses the current characteristics of the North American market, as well as its resident companies. Additionally, the historic development of the product is studied. There is the unique opportunity to learn from the existing Original Market in Europe and the companies that have been successful there for many years. The German-speaking alpine r...

In-Plane Strength and Stiffness of Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/8/8/100... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Md Shahnewaz, Sahria Alam, Thomas Tannert
The research presented herein investigated the in-plane performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls for platform-type buildings under lateral loading. Finite element models of CLT connections (i.e., brackets, hold-downs and self-tapping screws) were developed in OpenSees and calibrated against experimental tests to represent the connections’ hysteresis behaviour under cyclic tension and shear loading. The results were incorporated into models of CLT single and coupled shear walls. Th...

Making the cut - is cross laminated timber safe?
https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/making-the-c... [General Information] [Web Page] 2018
Paul Hargest
Last March, part of a floor under construction at Oregon State University collapsed after it became de-laminated (unglued) at one end. It was a 4- by 20-foot panel of cross-laminated timber, or CLT. Ironically, it was part of a new building that will house the universitys College of Forestry. While no one was injured, the incident has raised questions (again) about the risks of CLT....

Shear stress and interlaminar shear strength tests of cross-laminated timber beams
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/shear-... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Y.Lu, W. Xie, Z. Wang, Z. Gao
The interlaminar shear stresses of the three-layer, five-layer, and seven-layer cross laminated timber (CLT) and those of the oriented laminated beams were calculated according to Hooke’s law and the differential relationship between the beam bending moment and shear force. The interlaminar and maximum shear stresses of the CLT beam are related to the number of CLT layers and to the elastic modulus ratio EL/ET (or EL/ER) of the parallel and perpendicular layers. The interlaminar shear strength o...

Simulation of the Fire Resistance of Cross-lamianted Timber (CLT)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-0... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Joachim Schmid, Michael Klipper, Alar Just, Andrea Frangi, Mattia Tiso
Cross-laminated timber, typical abbreviations CLT or XLAM, is currently one of the most innovative product in building with wood. This solid engineered timber product provides advantages compared to other solid timber slabs as the dimension stability, i.e. swelling and shrinkage, is controlled by the crosswise laminations. As for other components, the fire resistance has to be verified for this type of product. While fire testing is time consuming and costly, simulations provide flexibility to o...

Production and in-plane compression mechanics of alternatively angled layered cross-laminated timber
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/produc... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
D. Buck, O. Hagman
Increasing awareness of sustainable building materials has led to interest in enhancing the structural performance of engineered wood products. This paper reports mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels constructed with layers angled in an alternative configuration on a modified industrial CLT production line. Timber lamellae were adhesively bonded together in a single-step press procedure to form CLT panels. Transverse layers were laid at an angle of 45°, instead of the con...