Wood Protection for Carbon Sequestration—a Review of Existing Approaches and Future Directions
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40725-0... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
P.D. Evans, H. Matsunaga, A.F. Preston, C.M. Kewish
Wood can be protected from biological deterioration thereby prolonging its longevity and contribution to carbon sequestration. Wood protection is only useful if it is inexpensive and can be done at scale, and with minimal adverse environmental impacts. It is difficult to meet all these criteria but some approaches come close. They are described in this paper with an emphasis on new research findings and directions to inform current research on carbon sequestration by wood....

Mechanical characteristics and analytical model of CLT-concrete composite connections under monotonic loading
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
J. Cao, H. Xiong, Z. Wang, J. Chen
Cross-laminated timber (CLT)-concrete bolted connections are crucial components of safe and economical composite structures. This work investigates the mechanical behaviour of CLT-concrete connections comprised of CLT panels, concrete blocks and bolt connectors. Fourteen different configurations were tested under the monotonic loading perpendicular or parallel to the grain....

An Analytical Method to Reproduce Seismic Behavior of a Two-Story Cross-Laminated Timber Building at Large Deformation
https://login.ezp3.lib.umn.edu/login?qurl=https://... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
So Momose, Takafumi Nakagawa, Tokikatsu Namba, Hiroshi Isoda, Tatsuya Miyake
Understanding the seismic resistance mechanisms and safety limits of cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings and performing an accurate evaluation of their seismic performance is critical in earthquake-prone areas such as Japan, the US, and Italy to ensure that human lives are protected against major earthquakes....

Timber Construction as a Solution to Climate Change
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/4/976... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
L. Tupenaite, L. Kanapeckiene, J. Naimaviciene
The built environment significantly contributes to climate change. There is pressure on the construction industry to find and use alternative sustainable environmentally friendly building materials to reduce the climate impact. Timber is increasingly being considered in the literature and used as a viable alternative for steel and concrete in both residential and non-residential building projects as it is a renewable material and has multiple benefits for reducing carbon (CO2) emissions and cons...

Development of predicting equations for slip modulus and shear capacity of CLT
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
G.Y. Jeong, V.S. Pham, D.K. Tran
This study investigated the effects of density, screw inclination angle, and screw arrangement on the slip modulus and shear capacity of a screw connection for a cross-laminated timber (CLT) concrete composite (CCC). A total of 35 push-out tests were conducted to investigate slip modulus and shear resistance of the CCC using a self-tapping screw. The test results identified double and single plastic hinges in the screw as the main failure mechanisms in the CLT–concrete screw connection....

Ecological Potential of Building Components in Multi-Storey Residential Construction
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/8/6349... [Case Study/Projects] [Journal Article] 2023
H. Fischer, M. Aichholzer, A. Korjenic
With the introduction of energy-efficient buildings, the importance of embodied energy in new buildings has become increasingly relevant to minimising the impact of climate change. This study compares two existing four-storey residential buildings: one building has a reinforced concrete (RC) structure and the other has a timber structure. The study’s aim is to find out which building components are responsible for the largest embodied impacts and whether there are differences between the two con...

Structural Design of a Single-Family Residential Dwelling Using Cross-Laminated Timber
https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/86770... [Case Study/Projects] [Book/Book Section] 2023
A.C. Jellen, A.M. Memari
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an esthetically pleasing, mass-timber panelized product that offers users a cost-effective, renewable, durable, fire-resistant alternative to traditional building materials, such as masonry, concrete, and light-framing. A significant benefit to developers and community stockholders in the USA is that the raw materials required to produce CLT can be obtained domestically in timber rich rural areas, helping job growth in those areas, shortening supply chains, and re...

Glossary of Wood Science and Technology Terms
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03... [General Information] [Journal Article] 2023
A. Teischinger, L. Muszynski, P. Niemz, R.J. Ross
In a scientific and technological discipline such as wood science and technology, it is very important to find a common language, and to rely on common and acknowledged technical terms on a global scale. The forest-based sector did not always follow these principles as many wood-related terms have developed from different wood crafts and regional practices. The following glossary of terms is an attempt to compile and describe the most common terms used in wood science and technology. ...

Comparison of a Standard Fire-Resistance Test of a Combustible Wall Assembly with Experiments Employing Pre-defined Heat Release Curves
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-0... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
P. Turkowski, W. Węgrzyński
To improve the perceived equivalency of fire testing of combustible and non-combustible members we have proposed a simple modification in the fire resistance test procedure by introducing a lower limit of the heat release rate of the furnace. With this approach the combustion of the sample adds to the heat of the furnace, which is in contrary to current approach and does increase the severity of the test. To quantify the consequences, three wall assemblies were tested with pre-defined heat relea...

Risk assessment of CLT-RC hybrid building: Consideration of earthquake types and aftershocks for Vancouver, British Columbia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
S. Tesfamariam, K. Goda
Tall-timber buildings using cross-laminated timber (CLT) have become a viable sustainable system. This paper presents seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of a 10-story CLT-reinforced concrete hybrid building. The building is designed for the seismicity of Vancouver, and detailed 3D finite element model is developed in OpenSees....

Multiobjective design optimization of multi-outrigger tall-timber building: Using SMA-based damper and Lagrangian model
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
S. Das, S. Tesfamariam
This study proposes a shape memory alloy (SMA)-based damped outrigger system for vibration control of tall timber buildings. In this study, the core of the structure is idealized as a cantilever beam, and each floor mass is considered as a discrete mass that acts at the junction between the floor and the core of the structure. The governing equations of motion of the combined system of shear core and outrigger are derived using the Lagrange formulation....

Cross-laminated strand veneer lumber mass timber panels from thermally modified strands
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
R. Jerves, V. Yadama, M. Aro, M.R. Pelaez-Samaniego
Thin-strand composite panels and subsequent mass timber beams were produced using thermally modified wood strands in a pressurized system. The effects of thermal modification (TM) temperature and dwell time on the mechanical, moisture, and decay performance of panels were studied. TM reduced moisture sorption and increased decay resistance. ...

Impact of partial encapsulation on the fire dynamics of an open‐plan compartment with exposed timber ceiling and columns: CodeRed# 04
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fa... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
P. Kotsovinos, E.G. Christensen, A. Glew, E. O'Loughlin
The use of mass timber in construction is becoming a compelling option when faced with the high carbon footprint of traditional concrete and steel production. However, fire safety standards are yet to evolve to support these designs. Encapsulation is commonly used to protect all, or some, of the timber surfaces and reduce the risks introduced. This paper presents the results from CodeRed #04, the final experiment of the CodeRed experimental campaign. This experiment was carried out inside a purp...

Factors Influencing Choice of Wooden Frames for Construction of Multi-Story Buildings in Sweden
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/1/217... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2023
A. Bahrami, J. Jakobsson, T. Söderroos
Construction of buildings with wooden frames higher than two stories has been permitted in Sweden since 1994. As construction of multi-story buildings with wooden frames is relatively new, people in the construction industry are more likely to construct these buildings with concrete frames. The current research evaluates the factors influencing the choice of wooden frames for construction of multi-story buildings in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to explain which advantages and disadvantag...

Cyclic Testing of Glue-Laminated Beam-to-Column Connections
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JSENDH.STE... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
H. Madland, E.C. Fischer, A. Sinha
The deformation compatibility behavior of glue-laminated (glulam) beam-to-column connections is not yet well understood. To investigate this behavior, 10 specimens representing five different glulam beam-to-column connections were tested under lateral cyclic loading. Three of the connections were custom-designed connections and two were pre-engineered connections. Specimens were large-scale glulam beam-to-column connections, and testing included combined gravity and lateral loading as well as th...

Is Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) a Wood Panel, a Building, or a Construction System?
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/2/264... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2023
V De Araujo, F Aguiar, P Jardim, F Mascarenhas
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has been widely discussed as a relevant industrialized construction solution. Numerous publications have considered CLT as a structural wood-based panel, but other documents have mentioned it as a building or even a construction system. Many authors address its application in multistory buildings, although single-family houses and lower building applications have become desirable topics as well. Given these gaps, this review study addresses a systematic method to evi...

Diffusion in Intact Secondary Cell Wall Models of Plants at Different Equilibrium Moisture Content
https://chemrxiv.org/engage/api-gateway/chemrxiv/a... [Moisture/Durability] [Report] 2023
Daipayan Sarkar, Lintao Bu, Joseph E. Jakes, Jacob K. Zieba, Isaiah D. Kaufman, Michael F. Crowley, Peter N. Ciesielski, Josh V. Vermaas
Wood is also intrinsically valuable as a sustainable construction material for a wide range of applications, including furniture, tools, and buildings (Jakes et al., 2016). More recently, mass timber products like crosslaminated timber panels have been developed and become viable alternatives to nonrenewable steel and concrete materials for the construction of mid- to high-rise buildings (Brandner et al., 2016). Understanding and controlling transport of ions and small molecules throughout wood ...

From adaptive plant materials toward hygro-actuated wooden building systems
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
T. Zhan, R. Li, Z. Liu, H. Peng, J. Lyu
Hygroscopic movement is widely observed in plant and is a self-shaping response that does not require an external force or energy. It is interpreted as the adaptation capability of plants to their environments. The key to the hygroscopic movement is the structural arrangement of the plant tissues, typically in a bi-layer configuration. Herein, the transfer from the principles of hygroscopic movement of plants to biomimetic wooden building systems is reviewed. Biomimetic wooden building systems h...

Net-Zero Climate Emissions Districts: Potentials and Constraints for Social Housing in Milan
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/3/1504... [Case Study/Projects] [Journal Article] 2023
J. Famiglietti, M. Aprile, G. Spirito, M. Motta
Net-zero climate districts are gaining wide attention at the European and international levels. Urban regeneration competitions have been launched recently to stimulate development; nevertheless, the literature does not yet provide a shared scope definition (i.e., product system). Using the process-based life cycle assessment method, the authors evaluate the climate profile of a new district in Milan (14 buildings with 36,000 m2 of gross surface area in total) aiming to become the first net-zero...

Borate Treatment of CLT Panels Using Vacuum: A Proof of Concept
https://meridian.allenpress.com/fpj/article/73/1/2... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
A. Taylor, M. Denavit, J. Lloyd, J.W. Kim, G. Kirker
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an increasingly popular wood-based alternative for large building applications. CLT panels are typically not treated due in part to a perceived lack of efficient and effective methods for treating large panels and a lack of information on what effect treatment processes may have on the panels' mechanical properties. We propose that treating CLT panels with borate solution, applied under vacuum in flexible bags, could provide a practical and effective option for pr...