Three steps to make timber a standard material for multi-storey buildings
http://www.proholz.at/fileadmin/proholz/media/docu... [Economics/Costs] [Conference Paper] 2016
A.C. Lawrence, J. Lauppe, T. Snelson
There is currently a considerable amount of research worldwide into the potential for wood in taller buildings. Much of this is currently driven by wood’s known sustainability benefits. However, sustainability in itself is insufficient; clients will rarely pay more for a more sustainable design and all materials are striving to improve their credentials such that the gap between timber and other materials is likely to decrease. It is therefore important for engineers to understand the cost drive...

Duration-of-load effect on the rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber: reliability analysis and duration-of-load strength adjustment factor
https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/530... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2015
Yuan Li, Frank Lam
In this study, the duration-of-load (DOL) effect on the rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT) was evaluated. A stress-based damage accumulation model is chosen to evaluate the DOL effect on the rolling shear strength of CLT. This model incorporates the established;short-term rolling shear strength of material and predicts the time to failure under arbitrary loading history. The model was calibrated and verified based on the test data from low cycle trapezoidal fatigue tests (the...

Lateral load resistance of cross-laminated wood panels
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265613292... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2010
Marjan Popovski, Johannes Schneider, Matthias Schweinsteiger
In this paper, some of the results are presented from a series of quasi-static tests on CLT wall panels conducted at FPInnovation-Forintek in Vancouver, BC. CLT wall panels with various configurations and connection details were tested. Wall configurations included single panel walls with three different aspect ratios, multi-panel walls with step joints and different types of screws to connect them, as well as two-storey wall assemblies. Connections for securing the walls to the foundation inclu...

Fire-Exposed Cross-Laminated Timber – Modelling and Tests
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228445300... [Fire Performance] [Conference Paper] 2010
Joachim Schmid, Jürgen König, Jochen Köhler
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is increasingly used in medium-rise timber buildings, for the time being up to eight storeys, among other reasons for cost effectiveness and robustness. This paper presents a simple design model using the effective cross-section method for the structural fire design, i.e. the determination of the mechanical resistance with respect to bending (floors). Performing advanced calculations for a large number of lay-ups of various lamination thicknesses, using the thermal a...

Non destructive evaluation of elastic material properties of crosslaminated timber (CLT)
http://www.coste53.net/downloads/Delft/Presentatio... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2008
R. Steiger, A. Gülzow, D. Gsell
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a panel-shaped engineered wood product, assembled of layers of lamellas (mostly softwood) with perpendicular orientation of the grain direction. In contrast to other panel-shaped engineered wood products, CLT is not used as components of structural elements, but rather as load bearing plates and shear panels. The design of CLT used as loadbearing plates is often governed by serviceability criterions like maximal deflection and vibration susceptibility. Hence, pred...

Enabling Next Generation Hybridized Wood Buildings for Resilient and Sustainable Construction
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=15... [Seismic Performance] [Others] 2015
Thang Dao, John van de Lindt, Sriram Aaleti
Earthquake damage to buildings, with the potential for substantial economic losses, highlights a need to focus on developing earthquake resilient and sustainable buildings. As the result of rapid population growth and urban densification, there is a need for taller buildings that are also sustainable and can perform better than simply adequate in moderate to large earthquakes by sustaining only minimal damage. Further, it is critical that such buildings have minimal interruption to allow people ...

Development of Low-Grade Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers
https://vivo.usda.gov/display/NIFA-0231112-PROJ... [Raw Materials] [Others] 2012
D.P. Hindman, J.R. Loferski, B. Bond, D.E. Kline, H. Quesada-Pineda, D. Kenealy, D. DeVallance, T. Young
Sustainable solutions to building construction can help improve material utilization efficiency while providing economic development. The purpose of this research project is to develop new markets for low-grade hardwoods by demonstrating the use of hardwood CLT manufacture. The project addresses two of the four specified areas of the Integrated Forest Products Research Grant (Value Improvement of Low Quality Hardwoods, and Developing Structural Composites, Specifically CLTs). Specific aims addre...

NEESR Planning/Collaborative Research: Engineered Timber Structural Systems for Seismically Resilient Tall Buildings
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=13... [Case Study/Projects] [Others] 2013
Shiling Pei
To enable resilient, eight to fourteen story, timber buildings in regions of high seismicity in the United States, this planning grant combines innovative concepts in seismic load resisting systems with a new form of a mass timber structural component, called cross laminated timber (CLT), to research three potential structural systems for resilient, tall CLT building construction: (a) single-story, pre-stressed re-centering walls, (b) multi-story, segmental rocking walls, and (c) deformable floo...

Development of Solid and Hollow-Core Cross-Laminated Timber Systems for Lowand Mid-Rise Construction
https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/023106... [Case Study/Projects] [Others] 2012
P. Peralta
Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/15OutputsTarget Audience:There were three target audiences for this project: 1) technical audience - this includes designers, architects, scientists and engineers who need to understand performance data and design values associated with CLT panels; 2) extension audience - this includes extension agents and specialists with either housing or natural resources responsibility areas. Presentations on the CLT industry, fire testing of southern pine CLT panels, hygrothermal...

Lifecycle carbon implications of conventional and low-energy multi-storey timber building systems
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Ambrose Dodoo, Leif Gustavsson, Roger Sathre
A consequential-based lifecycle approach is used here to explore the carbon implications of conventional and low-energy versions of three timber multi-storey building systems. The building systems are made of massive wood using cross laminated timber (CLT) elements; beam-and-column using glulam and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) elements; and prefabricated modules using light-frame volume elements. The analysis encompasses the entire resource chains during the lifecycle of the buildings, and trac...

Experimental analysis of cross-laminated timber panels in fire
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0379711209001118/1-s2.0-S0... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2009
Andrea Frangi, Mario Fontana, Erich Hugi, Robert Jübstl
Design models of timber structures in fire usually take into account the loss in cross-section due to charring of wood. For cross-laminated timber panels in fire only little information on charring is available. The paper describes and discusses the results of an extensive testing programme on the fire behaviour of cross-laminated timber panels under ISO-fire exposure. The fire tests were performed on the small horizontal furnace (1.0×0.8 m) at the Empa in Duebendorf. Particular attention is giv...

Perceptions, attitudes and interest of Swedish architects towards the use of wood frames in multi-storey buildings
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2011
Kerstin Hemström, Krushna Mahapatra, Leif Gustavsson
Use of wood frames from sustainable forestry instead of non-wood frames in multi-storey buildings can reduce primary energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in construction. However, construction actors might have different perceptions towards wood frames than towards steel and concrete frames. Such perceptions may influence the actors’ decision to adopt wood frames. In this study we use a web-based questionnaire to assess Swedish architects’ perceptions, attitudes and interest towards steel, co...

Life Cycle Assessment of buildings comparing structural steelwork with other construction techniques
http://www.lcm2007.org/paper/300.pdf... [Markets] [Report] 2015
P. D., Symmons Kremer, M. A.
This paper shows the results of a pre-feasibility study to identify future calls for actions for the construction industry towards sustainability: Three office buildings with load bearings systems made of reinforced concrete, steel and timber were compared. For the assessment a life cycle assessment (LCA) was undertaken. It is investigated how benefits of sustainable construction regarding different construction techniques can already be assessed. The main result is that the three construction t...

Very Tall Wooden Buildings with Cross Laminated Timber
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705811012811/1-s2.0-S1... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2011
J.W.G. Van De Kuilen, A. Ceccotti, Zhouyan Xia, Minjuan He
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT, XLAM) is a product extremely well suited for multi-storey buildings because of its versatility. With lengths up to 16 meters and the possibility of extending with mechanical joints or glued connections, widths of up to 2.5 meters depending on manufacturer and thicknesses up to 500 mm, almost any necessary shape can be found on the market today. Developments are still going on rapidly and new possibilities and new applications far from being exhausted. One such new po...

Multi-storey timber constructions: Recent trends
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288953495... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2007
F. Lattke, S. Lehmann
...

Hygrothermal performance of cross-laminated timber wall assemblies with built-in moisture: field measurements and simulations
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2014
Ruth McClung, Hua Ge, John Straube, Jieying Wang
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have potential market in North America for building mid-rise or even taller structures due to their good structural and fire safety performance, light weight, and prefabricated nature. However, to ensure long-term durability when used in building enclosures, the hygrothermal performance of CLT wall assemblies needs to be evaluated in terms of wetting and drying potential. A test wall consisting of sixteen 0.6 m by 0.6 m CLT panels made of five different wood s...

Review and analysis of fire resistance tests of timber members in bending, tension and compression with respect to the reduced cross-section method
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0379711214000617/1-s2.0-S0... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Joachim Schmid, Michael Klippel, Alar Just, Andrea Frangi
The Reduced Cross-Section Method (RCSM) provides a popular method for the design of timber members exposed to fire, using an effective cross-section and mechanical properties at normal temperature. The RCSM was adopted from a single publication and was originally developed for single-span beams exposed to bending load. It has been introduced in Eurocode 5 for a large range of timber members, including columns under compression and members under tension. Recently, the applicability of the method ...

Life cycle assessment of wood construction according to the normative standards
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs0... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Atsushi Takano, Annette Hafner, Lauri Linkosalmi, Stephan Ott, Mark Hughes, Stefan Winter
This study demonstrates life cycle assessment (LCA) on a reference wooden building according to the latest normative standards: EN 15978, EN 15804 and EN 16485. Global warming potential and primary energy balance over the reference building were assessed in a case study. Through the assessment, the application of the standards was studied. In addition, possible points for development in the standards, especially concerning wood products and wood construction, were discussed from a practical pers...

Design Methodology Analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber Elements Subjected to Flexure
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705815017713/1-s2.0-S1... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Aivars Vilguts, Imants Mieriņš, Dmitrijs Serdjuks
Design methods of cross-laminated timber elements subjected to bending is considered. The methods are based on LVS EN;1995–1–1. The presented methods were checked by the experiment and analytically. Two cross-laminated timber plates with the;total thickness of 95 mm were tested under action of static load. The considered cross-laminated timber plates were analysed by;FEM method, which is based on the using of computational program ANSYSv14. The comparison of stresses acting in the edge;fibres of...

Development of wood based sustainable construction methods for high-rise buildings under lateral loading
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8bd3/abcfb6376429... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2010
W. Winter, K. Tavoussi Tafreshi, A. Fadai, T. Pixner
The main objective of this paper is to show the benefits of using modern woodbased constructions for the more widespread practical applications in high-rise buildings. The advantages of using wood-based constructions, structural behavior, concerning constructive aspects and economy will be illustrated by the presentation of several research projects.;;In modern timber buildings big openings in the façade are getting more common. This is why innovative bracing systems are desirable and should be ...