Preservatives penetration and retention in post-treated cross-laminated timber panels with different layup and thickness
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
S. Ayanleye, F. Quin, X. Zhang, H. Lim, R. Shmulsky
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), a prefabricated multilayer engineered wood product, is a promising construction material for mid-and-high rise buildings due to its good mechanical properties, renewability, and low-carbon footprint. However, the vulnerability of CLT to biodeterioration limits its broad applications. Preservative treatment is an effective method of increasing the service life of structural wood products, while the treatment of CLT has not been widely studied. Herein, we fabricated 3...

High-performance grout-reinforced shear connectors for hybrid steel-cross-laminated timber building systems
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
S. Shulman, C. Loss
Wood-based construction advancements have been observed recently with the adoption of hybrid assembly and offsite construction methods, relying on prefabricated components, such as volumetric cross-laminated timber (CLT) modules or composite panel-type wall and floor elements. Within the high-rise timber building framework, mass timber structural assembly requires connections designed to accommodate innovative technologies to limit damage under seismic loads and mitigate lateral vibration of the...

Experimental testing of platform-type and balloon-type CLT shear walls with supplemental energy dissipators
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2023
X. Wang, M. He, Z. Li
CLT technology is gaining notable popularity in both residential and non-residential applications throughout the world, providing a prospective solution to the height limitation of timber buildings. Recently, a growing number of studies have been focusing on energy dissipation strategies for CLT structures since the energy dissipation capacity of CLT structures might sometimes be challenged in seismic design. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the lateral performance of platf...

The appropriacy of the analytical models for calculating the shear capacity of cross-laminated timber (CLT) under out-of-plane bending
https://login.ezp1.lib.umn.edu/login?qurl=https://... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Zirui Huang, Lingyun Jiang, Chun Ni, Zhongfan Chen
Rolling shear, an inherent property of cross-laminated timber (CLT) due to the weak shear strength of cross layers, is always the determinant of load-bearing capacity for short-span CLT members subjected to out-of-plane bending. Many analytical models were developed to calculate the shear capacity of CLT members. Shear strength and modulus of cross layers of the test specimens, which were used as the inputs for calculating the shear capacities, were tested by modified planar shear method....

Influence of orientation and number of layers on the elastic response and failure modes on CLT floors
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s001... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Lorenzo Franzoni, Arthur Lebée, Florent Lyon, Gilles Foret
In the present paper, the bending behavior of Cross Laminated Timber panels is investigated by means of the linear elastic exact solution from Pagano (1970, 1969). The resulting stresses are the input for a wood failure criterion, which can point out the first-crack load and the respective dominant failure mode. Heterogeneous layers are modeled as equivalent and homogeneous layers. This simplified and deterministic modeling gives results in good agreement with a reference experimental test. A co...

Behavior and Damage Characterization of Impulsively Loaded Cross-Laminated Timber Panels
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12076... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
N.R. Flores, R. Gentry, L.K. Stewart
This research bridges the gap between the quasi-static and high-strain-rate loading regimes in cross-laminated timber (CLT) by investigating two areas that have remained unstudied or elusive, i.e., rolling shear failure of CLT under impulsive, blast-like loading and intermediate strain rates in CLT. To study the conditions that would promote shear modes of failure, a novel, highly adaptable center-point testing system and methodology were developed that permitted the application of impulsive loa...

Doweled cross Laminated Timber (DCLT) Building Air Tightness and Energy Efficiency Measurements: Case Study in Poland
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/23/9029... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
Jadwiga Świrska-Perkowska, Anna Wicher, Sławomir Pochwała, Stanisław Anweiler, Michał Böhm
A contemporary challenge for the construction industry is to develop a technology based on natural building materials which at the same time provides high energy efficiency. This paper presents the results of an airtightness test and a thermal imaging study of a detached house built with technology using cross laminated dowelled timber panels. The thermal conductivity coefficients of the wood wool used to insulate the walls and ceiling of the building have also been measured, the linear heat tra...

Overview of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) and Timber Structure Standards Across the World
http://journalmtc.com/index.php/mtcj/article/view/... [Standards/Building code] [Journal Article] 2022
S. Kurzinski, P. Crovella, P. Kremer
Fabrication of solid timber structural systems using CLT panels requires product standards ensuring strength and stiffness characteristics of the base material in meeting rigorous performance requirements. Given that this nascent technology was only introduced within the last three decades, standards for manufacturing and design are still being developed. Indeed, multiple approaches to standards development have occurred in several regions of the world with little thought to harmonisation. This...

Thermomechanical behavior of Glulam-beam connected to CLT-wall assemblies with steel doweled connections before, during and after fire
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.110... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
M. Shabanian, N.L. Braxtan
Thermomechanical behavior of intermediate-size beam-to-wall assemblies including Glulam-beams connected to cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls with T-shape steel doweled connections was investigated at ambient temperature (AT) and after and during non-standard fire exposure....

A State of the Art of the Overall Energy Efficiency of Wood Buildings—An Overview and Future Possibilities
https://corpus.ulaval.ca/server/api/core/bitstream... [General Information] [Book/Book Section] 2022
M.R. Cabral, P. Blanchet
The main goal of this study was to review current studies on the state of the art of wood constructions with a particular focus on energy efficiency, which could serve as a valuable source of information for both industry and scholars. This review begins with an overview of the role of materials in wood buildings to improve energy performance, covering structural and insulation materials that have already been successfully used in the market for general applications over the years. Subsequently,...

Role of fastenings in modifying the hysteretic response of panel-to-panel joints for CLT structures
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
L. Marchi, F. Ferretti, L. Pozza, R. Scotta
High performance dampers are a key component in low-damage earthquake-resistant timber structures and they should be designed according to displacement-based design criteria. In this case, a well-defined non-linear force vs displacement relationship of the connection is to be known by the designer (e.g., to evaluate inter-storey drifts), underlying the importance of their careful experimental characterization. In this study, the cyclic shear response of a panel-to-panel joint, fastened to the wo...

Influence of mixed-angle screw installations in CLT on the cyclic performance of commercial hold-down connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
K. Krauss, M. Li, F. Lam
Mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) are continuously gaining popularity in the construction industry due to their low carbon footprint, high strength-to-weight ratios, and good aesthetics. Seismic performance of CLT shear walls is often governed by the connections such as hold-downs and shear keys as CLT panels generally have high in-plane strength and stiffness. This paper presents a study investigating the benefit of mixed-angle screwed hold-down connections for CLT shear...

Experimental Stress Analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber Elements under Cyclic Moisture
https://login.ezp3.lib.umn.edu/login?qurl=https://... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2022
Catarina Silva, Jorge M. Branco, Zabih Mehdipour, Zabih Xavier, Paulo B. Lourenço
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have been adopted as main structural elements in the mass timber constructions that have recently caught the attention from different stakeholders. The enhanced mechanical performances allow the design of impressive structures like tall buildings. However, not so much is known about the performance of CLT panels under service life condition. In this context, the strain distribution taken from an experimental campaign carried out using Digital Image Correlation...

Effect of Layer Arrangement on Bending Strength of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Manufactured from Poplar
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/5/608... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
Akbar Rostampour Haftkhani, Hojat Hematabadi
This study aimed to investigate the effect of layer arrangement on bending properties of CLT panels made from poplar (Populus deltoides L.). A total of 20 three-layer CLT panels with the same dimensions of 1300 × 360 × 48 mm3 (Length, Width, Thickness) were fabricated in five configurations: 0/30/0, 0/45/0, 0/90/0, 45/0/45, and 45/45/45. The apparent modulus of elasticity (MOEapp), modulus of rupture (MOR) and apparent bending stiffness (EIapp) values in major and minor axes of CLT panels were c...

Wetting circumstances, expected moisture content, and drying performance of CLT end-grain edges
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2022
K. Kalbe, T. Kalamees, V. Kukk, A. Ruus, A. Annuk
The moisture safety of cross-laminated timber (CLT) has gained attention as a result of feedback from construction sites and efforts have been made to protect CLT panel surfaces from wetting. However, the end-grain water absorption of CLT has often been overlooked. This study presents data from six CLT buildings where systematic moisture content (MC) measurements were made from when the CLT panels were installed until the commissioning of the buildings. Field measurement results were verified in...

Structural performance of cross-laminated timber-concrete composite floors with inclined self-tapping screws bearing unidirectional tension-shear loads
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
Y. Bao, W. Lu, K. Yue, H. Zhou, B. Lu, Z. Chen
This study investigated the structural performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT)-concrete composite floor with inclined self-tapping screws bearing unidirectional tension-shear loads. Five groups of push-out tests were conducted to evaluate the shear behavior of the inclined screw connector. ...

In-Plane Shear Properties of Mass Ply Panels in Long-Ply Direction
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
T.X. Ho, A. Arora, A. Sinha
Mass ply panel (MPP) is a new mass timber product that was recently introduced for structural applications in buildings. Although there have been several studies on characterizing the mechanical properties and structural performance of MPP, there is a lack of understanding regarding in-plane shear properties of the panels. More intensive studies should be done for MPP to provide a comprehensive understanding of its behavior. This paper presents an experimental study to characterize the effective...

Effect of construction features on the dynamic performance of mid-rise CLT platform-type buildings
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
E. Ussher, C.U.D. Gurholt, J.N. Mikalsen, A. Aloisio
Studies reported here address the dynamic behaviour of mid-rise multi-storey buildings constructed from massive CLF elements, with a focus on predicting lateral modal response characteristics of such buildings. The vehicle for this is detailed Finite Element (FE) models verified as accurate replicators of ambient dynamic motions of completed CLT buildings. Here applications of FE models relate to performances of buildings during seismic events. However, the intent is to also use them to predict ...

On the Effect of Exposed Timber on the Severity of Structural Fires in a Compartment and Required Firefighting Resources
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-0... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2022
S. Ni, T. Gernay
Estimation of design fires and thermal exposure conditions is an important step in structural fire engineering procedures. Mass timber, as a combustible material, may contribute to the fire intensity, yet there lacks methods to estimate design fires in compartments with exposed timber. This paper summarizes available experimental data on the contribution of exposed timber to heat release rate, describes a simple analytical method to evaluate this contribution, and discusses the effects on time–t...

Life cycle analysis of warehouse-type constructions
https://proceedings.open.tudelft.nl/clima2022/arti... [Environmental Performance] [Conference Paper] 2022
I.E. Iancu, L.M. Moga
This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the life cycle for industrial warehouse-type buildings, intending to compare the embodied emissions and the embodied energy for the assessed cases and at the same time draw practical conclusions for practitioners. The analysis aims to identify the optimal solutions for the conformation of industrial buildings as well as the sustainability, from components choice and structural solution approach. ...