The Quality Assessment of Timber Structural Joints Using the Coaxial Correlation Method
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/8/1929... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Viktors Kurtenoks, Aleksis Kurajevs, Karina Buka-Vaivade, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis, Viktors Mironovs, Andrejs Podkoritovs, Martins Vilnitis
With the growing popularity of timber structures, the requirement for reliable and non-destructive methods to assess the quality and condition of structural joints becomes increasingly essential. A novel coaxial correlations method is investigated to assess the degradation of panel-to-panel moment joints in timber structures. The method involves analysing the response data obtained from accelerometers placed on both sides of the joint and comparing the readings to evaluate the joint’s condition....

Fire spread in a large compartment with exposed cross-laminated timber and open ventilation conditions: #FRIC-01 – Exposed ceiling
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Andreas Sæter Bøe, Kathinka Leikanger Friquin, Daniel Brandon, Anne Steen-Hansen, Ivar S. Ertesvåg
Exposing cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures in buildings is increasingly popular in modern buildings. However, large timber surfaces, window facades, and different geometries can change the fire dynamics in a compartment. The effect of those parameters, therefore, needs to be studied. Two large-scale CLT compartment fire experiments (95 m2) have consequently been performed. The experiments were designed to represent a modern office building with an open-plan space and large window openings....

Innovative Design, Materials, and Construction Models for BioCities
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03... [General Information] [Book/Book Section] 2023
Daniel Ibañez, Michael Salka, Vicente Guallart, Stefano Boeri, Livia Shamir, Maria Lucrezia De Marco, Sofia Paoli, Maria Chiara Pastore, Massimo Fragiacomo, Lone Ross Gobakken, Sylvain Boulet
Realising the transition to BioCities, which function as holistically integrated systems similar to natural ecosystems, will require not just the creation of green and blue infrastructure (GI) (Davies et al. 2015), associated land-use patterns, and urban forests (UF) (Konijnendijk et al. 2006), but also utilising appropriate design of built structures and landscapes that support nature-based solutions (NBS) and ecosystem services (ESS)....

https://hrcak.srce.hr/305500... [Connectors] [other]

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Screw Connection Systems in Timber-Concrete Composite Structures: A Literature Review
https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/440485... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
I.B. Johari, M.A.B. Mohd Snin, S.F.B. Senin
This paper reviews the type of engineered timbers and connection systems used in timber concrete composite structures. The literature references were selected and reviewed carefully to get a detailed overview of the use of timber and connections systems in timber-concrete composite structures. The list of connection systems used in the timber-concrete composite structures was reviewed from the previous works to perceive its advantages and disadvantages. ...

Structural hazards of smouldering fires in timber buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Harry Mitchell, Rikesh Amin, Mohammad Heidari, Panagiotis Kotsovinos, Guillermo Rein
Smouldering, a slow, persistent, and flameless form of combustion has only been observed in few fire experiments of mass timber compartments. Smouldering is a phenomenon well-understood in the wildfire community, but is not yet recognised as a hazard in the fire safety design and fire-fighting of modern timber buildings. This paper presents observations and analysis following the cessation of flaming in CodeRed, a series of three open-plan compartment fire experiments with a mass timber ceiling ...

Characteristics of Polyurethane Cross-Laminated Timber Made from a Combination of Pine and Coconut
https://sylvalestari.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
Muhammad Iqbal Adi Baskara, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, Fauzi Febrianto, Wahyu Hidayat
The objective of this study was to assess the properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) fabricated from the combination of Sumatran pine (P) and coconut trunk (C) bonded with polyurethane adhesive. The basic properties of raw materials and adhesives were characterized. The CLT panels’ length, width, and thickness are 100 cm by 30 cm by 3.6 cm, respectively. Three-layer CLT was made with 4 combinations of face/core/back lamina, i.e., PPP, CCC, PCP, and CPC, which are arranged perpendicular to ea...

A Solution Method for Creating Laminated Wood Panels with Revalorized Wood Boards
https://matheo.uliege.be/handle/2268.2/16974... [Raw Materials] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
Tanguy Spécia
The increasing demand for natural resources and the environmental commitments towards sustainable practices have led to a surge of interest in finding efficient solutions for the two-dimensional problem of creating laminated wood panels with revalorized wood boards. To address this challenge, sustainable and circular solutions are imperative. This thesis presents an exact solution to the problem, establishing its NP-hardness and justifying the need for an approximation method. This final solutio...

Cross-Laminated Timber-Concrete Composite Floor Systems for Tall Building Design
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduat... [Connectors] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2022
I. Morrell
With growing interest in mass timber, especially mass timber panels (MTP), there has been a need to better understand their structural properties. One of the most versatile uses for MTP are as floor systems. Under new code provisions, these floors can be utilized in new and taller building types, but will require a noncombustible topping, generally concrete.The first portion involved characterizing the withdrawal response of different Self-Tapping Screws (STS) at varying angles to grain in MTPs ...

Life Cycle Analysis of Mass Timber and Reinforced Concrete Three-Story Structures
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/4b29b... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
David Brown
With growing awareness of the negative impacts of the built environment, solutions for dramatic environmental, economic, and social improvements are sparking in all sectors, especially within the construction industry. The work of this thesis aims to quantify and compare social, economic, and environmental impacts of a three-story mass timber structure and a three-story reinforced concrete structure in the Pacific Northwest....

Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Shear Walls Built by Multi-layer Composite Laminated Panels
https://www.proceedings.com/069179-0332.html... [Connectors] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
Lin Zheng
Recently, the implementation of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in building systems has rapidly developed in many countries including Canada. Despite this, further improvement in the product performance of CLT is desirable. Composite Laminated Panels (CLP) have been developed due to the need to overcome one of the key weaknesses of traditional CLT, namely the rolling shear failure. CLP is made by combining traditional lumber with structural composite lumber (SCL). This thesis focuses on the structu...

Expanding the market of biomaterials
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2815137591?pq-ori... [Mechanical Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2023
F. Quin Jr.
The objectives of this research will 1) evaluate the behavior of two single bolt connections in the post-to-rail joint in a hardwood stairway system; 2) the potential of post-treating pre-fabricated cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels with two different copper based preservative treatments; and 3) estimated design values for a commercially sourced bolt laminated bamboo industrial mat. To accomplish these objectives, this dissertation is divided into five sections: 1) Introduction, 2) Structural ...

Carbon Leadership Forum Material Baselines for North America
https://carbonleadershipforum.org/clf-material-bas... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2023
Brook Waldman, Allison Hyatt, Stephanie Carlisle, Jordan Palmeri, Kathrina Simonen
The CLF Baseline values represent an estimate of industry-average GHG emissions for construction materials manufactured in North America. An overwhelming majority of the CLF Baselines published in this report are based on a North American industry-wide EPD if one was available at the time of publication. As such, it is appropriate to use this number as a rough estimate of a product type’s embodied carbon before a specific product has been selected or as a reference value against which product-le...

Development of predicting equations for slip modulus and shear capacity of CLT–concrete composite with screw connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
Gi Young Jeong, Van Sy Pham, Dang Khai Tran
This study investigated the effects of density, screw inclination angle, and screw arrangement on the slip modulus and shear capacity of a screw connection for a cross-laminated timber (CLT) concrete composite (CCC). A total of 35 push-out tests were conducted to investigate slip modulus and shear resistance of the CCC using a self-tapping screw. The test results identified double and single plastic hinges in the screw as the main failure mechanisms in the CLT–concrete screw connection. ...

Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Bond Properties of Softwood and Hardwood Interfaces
https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contrib... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
Xin Li, Mahmud Ashraf, Bidur Kafle, Mahbube Subhani
Increasing concerns regarding carbon emissions and climate change are prompting a shift toward the use of sustainable materials in the construction industry. Engineered timber products are gaining attention in the construction industry due to advancements in lamination techniques and adhesives as well as the renewable characteristics of wood. Bond properties play a significant role in engineered timber products. In Australia, Radiata Pine (RP, softwood) and Shining Gum (SG, hardwood) share a lar...

Comparative study of greenhouse gas emission calculations and the environmental impact in the life cycle assessment of buildings in China, Finland, and the United States
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
L. Shi, X. Qi, Z. Yang, L. Tao, Y. Li, J. Qiu, X. Jiang
Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, a comparative empirical analysis was conducted among residential and public building sets in China, Finland, and the United States considering the life-cycle GHG emissions, which demonstrated notable differences in the Product stage (A1–A3), Maintenance and material replacement stage (B1–B5), and Energy use stage (B6) between each building set. Different building retrofit scenarios were then established to study the emission reduction methods. The...

Experimental and numerical analysis of specimen configurations for Cross Laminated timber on rolling shear stiffness and strength response
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
João Vítor Felippe Silva, Marcos Cesar de Moraes Pereira, Maria Fernanda Felippe Silva, Julio Cesar Molina
This work aimed to perform the numerical and experimental analysis of three test setups (bending, vertical shear, and inclined shear) of CLT used to determine the rolling shear stiffness and strength. CLT specimens were manufactured with four different Brazilian wood species and two-component polyurethane adhesive. The stress distributions in the CLT test setups were simulated by Finite Element Method using ANSYS software. Rolling shear stiffness and strength was directly proportional to wood d...

World Wood Day Online Symposium & The Fifth IUFRO Forest Products Culture Colloquium
http://www.worldwoodday.org/2023/regions_event/39... [General Information] [Conference Paper] 2023
Yan Xiao
Understanding wood as cultural heritage requires wood science and technology research into the material properties of these wood species (including non-wood counterparts), usually concerning their anatomical, physical and chemical characteristics in comparison with sound counterpart materials. Research also focuses on best material conservation/protection practices to enhance their service life (biological durability, abiotic durability). Furthermore, exploring the relationship between wood cult...

Feasibility of Underutilized West African Species in Cross-Laminated Timber Application
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368789726... [Raw Materials] [Others] 2023
B.J. Ibitolu
In this study, the feasibility of the feasibility of underutilized West Africa Species for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Application were evaluated. Standards governing CLT in predominant places of use were elucidated with focus on CLT material property criteria. A review on some West African species with focus on their strength classification according to EN338. Two (2) underutilized specie Rhizophora racemosa (Igba) and Syzgium guineense (Adere) grown in Nigeria were accessed for minimum struct...

Numerical Investigation of the Axial Stress Distribution of Self-Tapping Screws in Mass Timber Products during Wetting or Drying
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/3/623... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2023
M.T. Khan, C. Ni, J. Wang, Y.H. Chui
Self-tapping screws (STS) are used in wood-to-wood and wood-to-steel connections in timber structures. Premature failure of STS during the construction phase has been reported by structural engineers and contractors in relation to a few North American mass-timber projects. This STS failure type is suspected of having been precipitated by additional axial stress exerted on STS from swelling of the wood resulting from prolonged wetting. This study investigates the axial stress distribution of STS ...