Durability of the adhesive bond in cross-laminated northern hardwoods and softwoods
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2021
Munkaila Musah, Xiping Wang, Yvette Dickinson, Robert J. Ross, Mark Rudnicki, Xinfeng Xie
In this study, we investigated the durability of adhesive bonds in the cross-laminated lumber of seven hardwood and two softwood species from the Great Lakes region. The 2-layered cross-laminations were glued using phenol resorcinol- and melamine-based structural adhesives. A total of 720 cross-laminated wood blocks were tested for delamination by exposing the samples to cyclic (wet-dry) conditions. Distribution of the adhesive on the bondlines was also studied to understand the effect of adhesi...

A review of the effects of wood preservative impregnation on adhesive bonding and joint performance
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/016942... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2021
Adefemi Adebisi Alade, Zahra Naghizadeh, Coenraad Brand Wessels, Luvuyo Tyhoda
In recent times, mass timber products have encouraged renewed interest in wood as raw material for more sustainable building and construction. However, durability concerns due to wood susceptibility to biodegradation could curtail this interest. Hence, there is a need for more durable wood products in emerging structural applications including the use of preservative-treated wood for composite and mass timber products. This is particularly crucial in tropical and subtropical environments where w...

Comparing Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber and Reinforced Concrete Walls
https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/ijame-2021-0033... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
A. Bahrami, O. Nexén and J. Jonsson
The purpose of this research is to specify the differences between the performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and reinforced concrete (RC) walls. The study is done by using the finite element structural analysis and design software, StruSoft FEM-Design, in order to model, analyse and design a reference building located in the city of Gävle in Sweden. The building is firstly modelled, analysed and designed using RC walls and then the RC walls are replaced with CLT walls. In both buildings, o...

Comparing Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber and Reinforced Concrete Walls
https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/ijame-2021... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
A. Bahrami, O. Nexén and J. Jonsson
The purpose of this research is to specify the differences between the performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and reinforced concrete (RC) walls. The study is done by using the finite element structural analysis and design software, StruSoft FEM-Design, in order to model, analyse and design a reference building located in the city of Gävle in Sweden. The building is firstly modelled, analysed and designed using RC walls and then the RC walls are replaced with CLT walls. In both buildings, o...

Assessment of Summer Overheating in Concrete Block and Cross Laminated Timber Office Buildings in the Severe Cold and Cold Regions of China
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/8/330... [General Information] [Journal Article] 2021
Yu Dong, Rong Wang, Jing Xue, Jingran Shao, Haibo Guo
The aims of the paper were to clarify whether office buildings in the severe cold and cold regions are overheating, especially those with natural ventilation, and whether potential overheating is related to the building materials. The severe cold and cold regions of China were considered to be cool regions during summer. However, with global warming, improvements in the thermal performance of the building envelope and the urban heat island effect, office buildings in these regions are showing di...

Development Testing and Application of Mass Timber Composite Rib Floor Panels for Office Buildings
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344259848... [Markets] [Conference Paper] 2020
Hans-Erik Blomgren
Developers’ interest in mass timber mid-rise office building solutions in North American markets is rapidly expanding due to the benefits of construction efficiency, desirable exposed wood aesthetic, and carbon storage. Current practice of post and beam glulam frames overlaid with flat plate mass timber floor panels are limited to column grid spacings of approximately 6.1m (20ft). In 2017, to meet the request for larger column grids for a market rate open office space, Katerra engineers embarked...

Designing timber connections for ductility – A review and discussion
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus, Robert Jockwer, David van Drimmelen, Keith Crews
This paper discusses the design principles of timber connections for ductility with focus on laterally-loaded dowel-type fasteners. Timber connections are critical components of timber structures: not only do they join members, but they also affect load capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the overall system. Moreover, due to the brittle failure behaviour of timber when loaded in tension or shear, they are often the only source of ductility and energy dissipation in the structure in case of ove...

A New Taxonomic Perspective on Wood-Based Technologies for the Transformation of the AEC Sector
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Federica Brunone, Marco Cucuzza, Marco Imperadori, Andrea Vanossi
The transformation of the built environment requests specific considerations in the definition of construction strategies. Under the technological perspective, the major requirements are lightness and efficiency, intended as the minimization of the impact over the existing building, along with the maximization of the building performances and overall value. To find suitable solutions, this chapter investigates wood as a construction material. At first, it defines the domain of the timber constru...

Timber-Based Transformations of the Built Environment: A Portfolio of Case Studies
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Markets] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Federica Brunone, Marco Cucuzza, Marco Imperadori, Andrea Vanossi
The case studies collection is based on a literature review on architectural databases and a survey among the enterprises network. Twenty are the individual tabs among + 100 projects, these are selected mainly in the Italian context because of the high-density building stock composition perfectly fittable for this purpose. Finally, European projects choice starts from the Active House catalogue to point out these transformations sustainable approach. Case studies are catalogued according to the ...

Cross-laminated timber–concrete composite structural floor system: A state-of-the-art review
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2021
Ayesha Siddika, Md. Abdullah Al Mamun, Farhad Aslani, Yan Zhuge, Rayed Alyousef, Ailar Hajimohammadi
Composite construction elements are gaining extensive attention due to their high performance and reliability. Timber–concrete composite is one of the well-known engineered products of global interest. The cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a plate-like quasi-rigid composite that is usually composed of an uneven number of layers of solid timber board. The timber boards are generally placed side-by-side and arranged crosswise in CLT. The anisotropy in single timber boards is reliably adjusted, and i...

Preliminary Design Proposals for Dovetail Wood Board Elements in Multi-Story Building Construction
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8945/1/1/6... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2021
Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Markku Karjalainen
Adhesives and metal fasteners play important roles in the composition and connections of engineered wood products (EWPs) such as cross-laminated timber and glue-laminated timber in the building construction industry. However, due to their petroleum-based nature, adhesives can cause toxic gas emissions, while metal fasteners compromise the end-of-life disposal and reusability of EWPs. These issues adversely affect the sustainable material properties of EWPs. Numerous studies have been conducted i...

North American Research Needs Assessment for Mass Timber
https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2021/fpl_202... [Markets] [Conference Paper] 2020
Samuel L Zelinka, Tom Williamson, Karen L Martinson, Michael A Ritter
The 2nd Mass Timber Research Needs Assessment Workshop was held on November 13-14, 2018 at the US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). The purpose of the workshop was to convene a group of experts on cross laminated timber and mass timber to develop a list of prioritized research needs for the North American mass timber industry. The workshop had over 100 attendees including design professionals, academics, industry leaders, and government employees. The attendees generated a list o...

Study of the Single Shear Performance of a Joint with a New Beech and Self-Tapping Screw Composite Dowel
https://www.techscience.com/jrm/v10n2/44241/pdf... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Xudong Zhu, Yingying Xue, Xuewen Zhang, Pengfei Qi, Jie Shen, Changtong Mei
A new beech and self-tapping screw composite dowel is proposed and studied, its performance being compared with that of beech dowels and self-tapping screws alone. The single shear performance of components connected by composite dowels was tested. Results show that the dowels are a good choice for components requiring high stiffness. Screws remain a good choice for components requiring excellent seismic performance. Combination group presents similar maximum load stiffness to those of composite...

Study of the Single Shear Performance of a Joint with a New Beech and Self-Tapping Screw Composite Dowel
https://www.techscience.com/jrm/v10n2/44241... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Xudong Zhu, Yingying Xue, Xuewen Zhang, Pengfei Qi, Jie Shen, Changtong Mei
A new beech and self-tapping screw composite dowel is proposed and studied, its performance being compared with that of beech dowels and self-tapping screws alone. The single shear performance of components connected by composite dowels was tested. Results show that the dowels are a good choice for components requiring high stiffness. Screws remain a good choice for components requiring excellent seismic performance. Combination group presents similar maximum load stiffness to those of composite...

Studies of nonstructural components in tall mass timber buildings with cross-laminated timber rocking walls
https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/7955... [Seismic Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2021
Hasani, Hamed
In recent years, the performance-based design methodology is helping to meet objectives for resiliency against natural hazards. Post-tensioned cross-laminated timber (CLT) rocking walls are being developed as a seismic resilient lateral load resisting system for mass timber building construction. However, achieving whole building resiliency heavily depends on the resiliency of nonstructural systems, as they comprise the majority of construction costs and are sensitive to low shaking intensities....

Exploring the synergy between structural engineering design solutions and life cycle carbon footprint of cross-laminated timber in multi-storey buildings
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2021
Ambrose Dodoo, Truong Nguyen, Michael Dorn, Anders Olsson, Thomas K. Bader
Low-carbon buildings and construction products can play a key role in creating a low-carbon society. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is proposed as a prime example of innovative building products, revolutionising the use of timber in multi-storey construction. Therefore, an understanding of the synergy between structural engineering design solutions and climate impact of CLT is essential. In this study, the carbon footprint of a CLT multi-storey building is analysed in a life cycle perspective and ...

Exposure from mass timber compartment fires to facades
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=di... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2021
Johan Sjöström, Daniel Brandon, Alastair Temple, Emil Hallberg, Fredrik Kahl
Different countries world-wide have different legislation concerning the performance of facades exposed to fire and often significantly different ways to assess this performance. Although it is recognized that standard façade fire testing aims to distinguish façade systems that limit fire spread to an acceptable level from systems that do not, it has historically been considered important that the fire exposure of such tests is representative for real fires. In this study five real scale compar...

One Floor at a Time: Cross-Laminating a Sustainable Future for Mass Timber in North America
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Environmental Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Mona Azarbayjani, David Jacob Thaddeus
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) started in Germany and Austria in the early 1990s. As old-growth timber became difficult to find, glue-laminated timber (Glulam) and other engineered products became popular. Since the advent of Mass Timber products around the world, architects, engineers, and manufacturers have leveraged CLT and other Mass Timber products for their advantages, including design flexibility, aesthetics, strength to weight ratio, and overall material performance. There is a revolution ...

Laminated Timber Buildings: An Overview of Environmental Impacts
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Environmental Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Rahman Azari, Maryam Singery
Wood and timber are historical construction materials, but their applications in buildings have been largely limited to low-rise construction as well as wood products such as doors, window frames, or furniture used in buildings. The application of timber in tall buildings has recently received significant interest by architects and engineers, mainly due to concerns about the environmental impacts of buildings, timber’s carbon potentials, and developments of new timber products with enhanced mech...

Timber as a Sustainable Building Material from Old to Contemporary Experiences: Review and Assessment of Global and Egypt’s Examples
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Environmental Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Mohsen Aboulnaga, Maryam Elsharkawy
Throughout history, wood as a building material has been used extensively thousands years ago. It is considered the second known building material after stone; thus, it is recognized as an ancient building resource material. However, wood as a natural rigid material of plant origin has been substituted and associated with man-made common rigid materials in the building construction such as steel and concrete that are characterized with higher carbon emissions and lower sustainability. But with t...