Seismic Behavior of Balloon Frame CLT Shear Walls with Different Ledgers
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Md Shahnewaz, Carla Dickof, Thomas Tannert
This paper presents experimental investigations on the seismic behavior of cross laminated timber (CLT) shear walls in a balloon frame configuration with various ledger assemblies attached at midheight. The tested system consisted of two seven-ply 191-mm-thick CLT panels with generic hold-downs, steel angle brackets, plywood surface splines, and nails as fasteners. A 2-story system was tested with a panel aspect ratio of 3∶1 with different steel and wood ledgers under monotonic and quasistatic r...

Challenges and Opportunities for North American Hardwood Manufacturers to Adopt Customization Strategies in an Era of Increased Competition
https://res.mdpi.com/d_attachment/forests/forests-... [Markets] [Journal Article] 2018
David L. Nicholls, Matthew S. Bumgardner
Much of the North American wood products industry was severely impacted by the recession of 2008–2009. In addition, many sectors within this industry face intense global competition. Against this backdrop, we examine economic opportunities for hardwood manufacturers to achieve greater competitive advantage via product customization, through a literature review and synthesis. We also discuss several related themes including agility, lean manufacturing, and clustering. We found that, in globally c...

9th Hardwood Proceedings - Part II
http://www.hardwood.uni-sopron.hu/wp-content/uploa... [Moisture/Durability] [Conference Paper] 2021
Róbert Németh, Peter Rademacher, Christian Hansmann, Miklós Bak, Mátyás Báder
WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON “AN UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCE: HARDWOOD ORIENTED RESEARCH"...

Mass Timber Lamination: Health & Energy Relationships
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2546188728... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Kazeminejad, Yasmin
Impact of chemical adhesives in Mass Timber material and effect on indoor air quality (human health): The building material industry is one of the largest and most active sectors in the world, and the effect of indoor air quality (IAQ) on human health is growing at a very fast pace. The acceptance of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a relatively new topic in North America because of building code modifications, material design standards, increased fire resistance, seismic resistance, and its biop...

Urbach Tower: Integrative structural design of a lightweight structure made of self-shaped curved cross-laminated timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [other] 2021
Simon Bechert, Lotte Aldinger, Dylan Wood, Jan Knippers, Achim Menges
Recent development in research and practice for curved cross-laminated timber (CLT) opens up novel and interesting possibilities for applications of slender surface-active shell structures in architecture. Such typologies provide advantageous structural behaviour allowing for efficient and lightweight structures while simultaneously determine the envelope and space of a building. The high degree of prefabrication combined with a sustainable and renewable building material makes CLT an ecological...

Experimental evaluation of angle bracket connections in CLT structures under in- and out-of-plane lateral loading
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Saeed Rezvani, Lina Zhou, Chun Ni
In cross laminated timber (CLT) structures, angle brackets are commonly used in wall-to-floor connections to transfer the shear in seismic and wind loads. In reality, these connections could experience multi-directional forces under in- and out-of-plane lateral loads. A two-phase experimental program consisting of 12 monotonic tests in the first phase, and 24 monotonic and 24 cyclic tests in the second phase was conducted to investigate the behaviour of CLT wall-to-floor connections, connected w...

The Influence of Floor Layering on Airborne Sound Insulation and Impact Noise Reduction: A Study on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Structures
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/13/5938... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Federica Bettarello, Andrea Gasparella, Marco Caniato
The use of timber constructions recently increased. In particular, Cross Laminated Timber floors are often used in multi-story buildings. The development of standardization processes, product testing, design of details and joints, the speed of construction, and the advantages of eco-sustainability are the main reasons why these structures play a paramount role on the international building scene. However, for further developments, it is essential to investigate sound insulation properties, in or...

Design and Performance of High-Rise Structure Using Ultra-Lightweight Cross Laminated Timber Floor System
https://www.isec-society.org/ISEC_PRESS/ASEA_SEC_0... [Tall Buildings] [other] 2020
Danish Ahmed, Tahar Ayadat, Andi Asiz
The main objective of this paper is to study the structural performance of a high-rise structure when alternative lightweight material known as cross-laminated timber was used as a slab in floor system in lieu of conventional reinforced concrete slab. A numerical case study was conducted using a highly irregular RC frame building with its two 60-story towers joined at the top. Three major analyses were considered. First, modeling and analyzing the building with an RC slab was conducted to determ...

Structural Capacity of One-Way Spanning Large-Scale Cross-Laminated Timber Slabs in Standard and Natural Fires
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10694... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Felix Wiesner, Alastair Bartlett, Siyimane Mohaine, Fabienne Robert, Robert McNamee, Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Luke Bisby
This paper describes selected observations, measurements, and analysis from a series of large-scale experiments on cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs that were exposed to fire from below, using four different heating scenarios, with a sustained mechanical loading of 6.3 kN m per metre width of slab. The deflection response and in-depth timber temperatures are used to compare the experimental response against a relatively simple structural fire model to assess the load bearing capacity of CLT ele...

Analysis of cost comparison and effects of change orders during construction: Study of a mass timber and a concrete building project
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Economics/Costs] [Journal Article] 2020
Shafayet Ahmed, Ingrid Arocho
In recent years, timber has been considered as an alternative source of building material because of its sustainability and design efficiency. However, the cost competitiveness of timber buildings is still under study due to the lack of available cost information. This paper presents a comprehensive cost comparative analysis of a mass timber building mainly developed with cross-laminated timber (CLT). The actual construction cost of the project is compared with the modeled cost of the same build...

Mass Timber Building Science Primer
https://academic.daniels.utoronto.ca/masstimberins... [General Information] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Ted Kesik, Rosemary Martin
The Mass Timber Building Science Primer by Dr. Ted Kesik and Rosemary Martin (in Partnership with RDH Building Science) is aimed at the average design practitioner and construction professional. It assumes that readers have little to no familiarity with mass timber building technology. This publication was made possible through the generous sharing of the collective wisdom held among the practice and thought leaders in our mass timber industry....

Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction Up to 12 Storeys
https://www.egbc.ca/app/Practice-Resources/Individ... [Moisture/Durability] [Book/Book Section] 2021
Architectural Institute of British Columbia, Engineers Geoscientists British Columbia.
Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction (EMTC) means that type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained using encapsulated Mass Timber elements with an Encapsulation Rating and minimum dimensions for structural members and other building assemblies. For Engineering Professionals, these guidelines cover minimum qualifications, professional practice, roles and responsibilities, and quality assurance for projects designed using EMTC up to 12 storeys. These guidelines identify issu...

Comparative sustainability evaluation of two engineered wood-based construction materials: Life cycle analysis of CLT versus GLT
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Ali Tighnavard Balasbaneha, Willy Sherb
The environmental emissions and energy from construction activity and building materials contributes significantly to a building's sustainability. Previous research dealing with wood or engineering wood's energy requirements compared to reinforced concrete and steel structures has shown that embodied energy and embodied carbon is significantly lower in wood-based construction. This study has assessed the environmental impact and costs of glued laminated timber (GLT) or cross-laminated timber (CL...

Embodied Carbon of Wood Construction: Early Assessment for Design Evaluation
http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/digital/collection/p... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2021
Vora, Rushita
The impacts from the built environment are significant and therefore it is important to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Technological advancements have made it possible to reduce the operational carbon of the building, making it important to address the embodied carbon footprint of the building. The use of low-carbon footprint and carbon sequestering materials can reduce the embodied carbon of a building, which has led to a rise in the use of low carbon materials, such as timber, in t...

Oregon Cross-Laminated Timber; An Economic Solution to Incorporating Timber into Cap and Trade
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2020
Lutje, Dakoata Steven Robert
As the state of Oregon begins to introduce a new cap and trade program to reduce the effects of its greenhouse gas emissions, the state has opted not to incorporate its largest greenhouse gas emitter; the timber industry. The decline of the timber industry after the 1980’s had lasting effects on disadvantaged communities, and state politicians have battled the cap and trade bill in fear of further deterioration of the timber industry. In this paper I aim to take an in depth look at the potential...

Predicting the human-induced vibration of cross laminated timber floor under multi-person loadings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Chang Wang, Wen-Shao Chang, Weiming Yan, Haoyu Huang
The vibration of cross laminated timber (CLT) floor is closely related to human-induced loadings. However, research and prediction approaches regarding human-induced vibration of the CLT floor have been mostly limited to a single-person excitation condition. This paper presents new prediction approaches to the vibration response of the CLT floor under multi-person loadings. The effect of multi-person loadings on the vibration performance of a CLT floor was investigated through numerical modellin...

Finite-Element-Based Prediction of Moisture-Induced Crack Patterns for Cross Sections of Solid Wood and Glued Laminated Timber Exposed to a Realistic Climate Condition
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2021
Autengruber, Maximilian; Lukacevic, Markus; Gröstlinger, Christof; Füssl, Josef
Moisture may significantly influence the dimensions and behavior of wooden elements and, thus, it is important to consider within both serviceability as well as ultimate limit state designs. Dimensional changes, also called swelling (during wetting) and shrinkage (during drying), are non-uniform due to the direction-dependent expansion coefficients of wood and usually lead to eigenstresses. If these exceed certain strength values, cracking may occur, which reduces the resistance to external load...

Construction Moisture Management, Cross Laminated Timber
https://library.fpinnovations.ca/en/permalink/fpip... [Moisture/Durability] [Report] 2020
Wang, Jieying
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered mass timber product manufactured by laminating dimension lumber in layers with alternating orientation using structural adhesives. It is intended for use under dry service conditions and is commonly used to build floors, roofs, and walls. Because prolonged wetting of wood may cause staining, mould, excessive dimensional change (sometimes enough to fail connectors), and even result in decay and loss of strength, construction moisture is an important c...

Variations of Moisture Content in Manufacturing CLT-Concrete Composite Slab Using Wet Construction Method
https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2021
Yo-Jin Song, Seong-Yeob Baek, In-Hwan Lee, Soon-Il Hong
Construction of eco-friendly high-rise buildings using cross-laminated timber (CLT)-concrete composite (CCC) slabs is increasing. CLT and concrete, which are major component materials of the CCC slab, are significantly affected by moisture. In particular, the moisture content of concrete in the production process affects the quality of both materials. In this study, the effects of the wet construction method on CLT and concrete component materials are examined by monitoring the behavior of the C...

Enclosure Fire Dynamics with a Cross-Laminated Timber Ceiling
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.29... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Robert McNamee, Jochen Zehfuss, Alastair I. Bartlett, Mohammad Heidari, Fabienne Robert, Luke A. Bisby
An experimental study of the influence of an exposed combustible ceiling on compartment fire dynamics has been performed. The fire dynamics in compartments with combustible cross-laminated timber ceilings vs non-combustible reinforced concrete ceilings in otherwise identical compartments with three different ventilation factors were investigated. The experimental results are compared against predictions from two theoretical models for compartment fire dynamics: (a) the parametric fire model give...