Life Cycle Assessment of Katerras Cross-Laminated Timber and Catalyst Building: Summary Document
https://assets2.katerra.com/wp-content/uploads/202... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2020
The Carbon Leadership Forum; The Center for International Trade in Forest Pro
Katerra is a start-up construction company that has developed a vertically integrated cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing supply chain and facility. Katerra commissioned the Carbon Leadership Forum (CLF) and the Center for International Trade in Forest Products (CINTRAFOR) at the University of Washington to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) study to understand the environmental impacts and opportunities for impact reduction in Katerra’s CLT supply chain and manufacturing process. CINT...

Cross-Laminated Timber Constructions in a Sustainable Future – Transition to Fossil Free and Carbon Capture Technologies
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-13... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Tellnes, Lars; Saxegård, Simon; Johnsen, Fredrik Moltu
Cross laminated timber (CLT) has recently increased in use as a building material for low carbon design and is often applied in small and multi-story buildings. Several studies have shown lower fossil related greenhouse gas emission than alternatives, but the life cycle emissions vary substantially between different CLT producers. These emissions are mainly indirect and thus climate change mitigation could reduce these emissions. Previous research shows that that biofuels and carbon capture and ...

Cross-Laminated Timber Design: Structural Properties, Standards, and Safety
https://www.mheducation.ca/cross-laminated-timber-... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Book/Book Section] 2020
Mustafa Mahamid
This comprehensive guide explains the design standards, code provisions, and safety requirements engineers need to know to use cross-laminated timber as a structural building material. The book covers all applicable design considerations, including the relevant structural load requirements and fire safety requirements....

A structural performance-based environmental impact assessment framework for natural hazard loads
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Rafael Salgado, Serhan Guner
The decision-making process of planning a sustainable and resilient community may often encounter the availability of different building design alternatives that can make use of different structural solutions, which inevitably translate into different environmental impacts and structural performances to natural hazards. To reveal the trade-offs among different design alternatives and effectively support decision-making, the differences in environmental and structural performance must be simultan...

A Review of the Methods for Predicting the Effective In-Plane Shear Modulus of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2021/6616559... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Mehsam Tanzim Khan, Ying Hei Chui, Dongsheng Huang
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a type of engineered wood product that offers both high in-plane and out-of-plane load-bearing capacity. It is slowly becoming an alternative material for building high-rise structures. However, there is no current standard or regulation for determining the shear modulus of CLT under in-plane loading condition, which is a very important property for its use as structural members. Few methods have been proposed over the last decade to determine the in-plane shear m...

Rolling Shear Strength and Modulus for Various Southeastern US Wood Species Using the Two-Plate Shear Test
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/104017... [Raw Materials] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2021
Rara, Angela Dominique Sarmiento
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could pl...

The impact of connection stiffness on the global structural behavior in a CLT building: A combined experimental-numerical study
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=d... [Mechanical Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2021
Abrahamsson, Jenny; la Fleur, Filip
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) has in recent years become a more important building material. This means that the demand for accurate calculation methods in building standards such as Eurocode 5 has increased. There is limited knowledge about the connections in CLT buildings which is an important part of a CLT structure. This thesis was therefore focused on investigating a wall-floor-wall type connection commonly found in platform type buildings. An experimental and numerical study on typical wal...

Global Overview of the Cross-Laminated Timber Industry
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduat... [Markets] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Albee, Raquel R.
The global Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) industry has changed dramatically within the past decade, with expansion outside of its start in Alpine Europe. The societal focus on more sustainable options within the built environment has led to an increased use of mass timber construction and its products including cross-laminated timber. Examining cross-laminated timber through the direct manufacturers gives the ability to gain the most information about the manufacturer, current markets, incentives,...

Emission of particulate matters during construction: A comparative study on a Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and a steel building construction project
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Shafayet Ahmed, Ingrid Arocho
Construction sites are responsible for generating a high concentration of pollutants in surrounding air. Emission level can be different depending on the materials used for the construction. One of the methods for quantifying air pollution is to measure particulate matters (PM) emitted on construction sites. This study aims to determine the concentration of PM produced from two construction sites using different materials; cross-laminated timber (CLT) and steel. A reference location was also use...

Multiscale modeling of the thermal conductivity of wood and its application to cross-laminated timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2019
Díaz, A.R., Flores, E.I.S., Yanez, S.J., Vasco, D.A., Pina, J.C. and Guzmán, C.F.
In this work, a computational homogenization-based multiscale modeling strategy is adopted to compute the thermal conductivity of wood and to study the thermal performance of cross-laminated timber. In order to determine the thermal conductivity of wood within a multiscale modeling framework, the behavior of its microscopic constituents is investigated. By following a bottom-up approach, the computational homogenization of the material is sequentially carried out at the nanometer level and then,...

A proposal for the capacity-design at wall-and building-level in light-frame and cross-laminated timber buildings
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2019
Daniele Casagrande, Ghasan Doudak, Andrea Polastri
Due to the brittle nature of wood material, the dissipation of seismic energy in timber structures is typically ensured through yielding of the mechanical connectors, where plastic deformations are developed in fasteners that have adequate ductility and cycle-fatigue strength. These structural components are denoted dissipative zones, whereas all other structural elements are assumed to behave elastically. Such elements are designated as non-dissipative zones and are designed with sufficient ove...

The rolling shear influence on the out-of-plane behavior of CLT panels: A comparative analysis
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/10/3/42... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Antonio Sandoli, Bruno Calderoni
This paper deals with the influence of the rolling shear deformation on the flexural behavior of CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) panels. The morphological configuration of the panels, which consist of orthogonal overlapped layers of boards, led to a particular shear behavior when subjected to out-of-plane loadings: the low value of the shear modulus in orthogonal to grain direction (i.e., rolling shear modulus) gives rise to significant shear deformations in the transverse layers of boards, whose g...

Shear properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and OSB
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2020
Li, Q., Wang, Z., Liang, Z., Li, L., Gong, M. and Zhou, J.
Recently, to enlarge the source of raw materials and improve the mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT), some local wood species, hardwood and Engineering wood products were used to fabricate CLT. This project studied mainly the feasibility of using construction oriented strand board (COSB) to fabricate hybrid CLT (HCLT). The shear properties of the HCLT were reported in this paper. The mechanical properties of COSB in major and minor strength directions were firstly obtained by v...

Robust circle tracking for deflection measurements in structural fire experiments
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:a8296a2... [Fire Performance] [Conference Paper] 2020
Wiesner, Felix; Bisby, Luke
Measuring movements and deflections in structural fire experiments can yield critical information to generate the knowledge required to further understanding of the behaviour of structural systems in fire. However, due to the influence of flames, smoke, and heat, detailed deflection measurements can be difficult to install and maintain during experiments involving fire or heat exposure. This paper describes the concept and functionality of a simple tracking mechanism for robust image analysis of...

Experimental study on bending and shear behaviours of composite timber sandwich panels
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2020
Darzi, S., Karampour, H., Bailleres, H., Gilbert, B.P. and McGavin, R.L.
Composite sandwich panels were manufactured by gluing plywood skins to either bamboo rings to produce Bamboo Core Sandwich (BCS) panels or to peeler core rings to produce Peeler Core Sandwich (PCS) panels. Single and double core layer panels were made. The optimum adhesive spread rate was identified through conducting shear bond tests. The manufactured panels were physically tested in standard bending (using four-point) and shear (using three-point) tests. Results were compared to the test resul...

Overview of North American CLT Fire Testing and Code Adoption
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Samuel L. Zelinka, Laura E. Hasburgh, Keith J. Bourne
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is becoming more widely available in North America. However, it has not yet achieved widespread use in construction in the United States because provisions for CLT have only recently been added to model building codes. For example, CLT was recognized for the first time in the 2015 International Building Code (IBC), and the 2021 IBC will allow wood buildings made of CLT and other types of mass timber to be constructed up to 18 stories high. The changes to the 2021 IBC...

Strength and stiffness of mechanically jointed CLT panels loaded by shear in plane
http://www.woodresearch.sk/wr/202005/02.pdf... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Lukas Velebil, Petr Kuklík
This article is focused on research into the racking strength and stiffness of mechanically jointed cross laminated timber shear walls considering the influence of fasteners between the layers of boards on the stiffness of panels. The work includes an experimental analysis and analytical model. The experimental analysis included tests of the shear wall panels, tests of the specimens to determine the stiffness at the joint of the layers and material tests. The analytical model based on the compon...

Paths of innovation and knowledge management in timber construction in North America: A focus on water control design strategies in CLT building enclosures
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174520... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2020
Mariapaola Riggio,Noura Alhariri, Eric Hansen
Mass timber construction systems, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), which originated in Europe, are gaining acceptance within North America as a viable alternative to multi-story steel-frame or concrete structures. The purpose of this study is to analyze types of innovation in the design of the building enclosure precipitated by the introduction of CLT in the North American market. Additionally, knowledge management and transfer mechanisms supporting the use of CLT in the field are investiga...

Assessment of the environmental impact of timber and its potential to mitigate embodied GHG emissions
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-13... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
I Lukić, M Premrov, Ž V Leskovar, A Passer
Currently, the world is undergoing the biggest wave of urban growth in history. To accommodate this unprecedented growth, adding more than 230 billion m2 of new floor area to the global building stock by 2060 is expected. As embodied emissions are responsible for 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, an increase in embodied emissions from new construction will put tremendous additional pressure on the natural environment. To investigate the environmental impact of timber and pot...

Comparison of Building Construction and Life-Cycle Cost for a High-Rise Mass Timber Building with its Concrete Alternative
https://meridian.allenpress.com/fpj/article/70/4/4... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Hongmei Gu; Shaobo Liang; Richard Bergman
Mass timber building materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) have captured attention in mid- to high-rise building designs because of their potential environmental benefits. The recently updated multistory building code also enables greater utilization of these wood building materials. The cost-effectiveness of mass timber buildings is also undergoing substantial analysis. Given the relatively new presence of CLT in United States, high front-end construction costs are expected. This study...