Characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk’s properties and evaluation of its suitability to be used as raw material for cross laminated timber production
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2020
Suthon Srivaro, Jaipet Tomad, Jingbo Shi, Jiabin Cai
Anatomical characteristics, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of coconut trunks with two different ages and sizes were investigated aiming to evaluate its suitability to be used as raw material for cross laminated timber (CLT) production. At a given relative radius, fractions of fiber cell in all trunks were roughly similar but with slightly different densities. Each property appeared to fall into a single master curve with respect to density regardless of the trunk’s age and size. At ...

Thermo‐mechanical behaviour of cross‐laminated timber slabs under standard and natural fires
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/f... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Siyimane Mohaine, Luke Bisby, Fabienne Robert, Robert McNamee, Alastair Bartlett
The results presented in this paper are part of a multi-partner collaborative project named ‘The Épernon Fire Tests Programme’, the purpose of which is to analyse the different behaviours of combustible and non-combustible loaded structures when they are tested under standard and ‘natural’ fires. The project has several objectives, such as quantification of the energy participation of combustible materials in fire tests, the influence of combustible surfaces and ventilation factors on the dynami...

Deflection of cross-laminated timber shear walls for platform-type construction
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Shahnewaz, M., Popovski, M., & Tannert, T.
Shahnewaz, M., Popovski, M., & Tannert, T....

The use of digital image correlation for identifying failure characteristics of cross-laminated timber under transverse loading
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Navaratnam, S., Ngo, T., Christopher, P., & Linforth, S.
The localised crack induced by external load on an individual cross laminated timber (CLT) structural element will generate stress concentrations, which leads to the failure of a structural member. A better understanding of the structural performance of CLT in terms of its strength and failure modes under transverse loading needs to be developed to ensure structural stability, safety and resilience of mass timber buildings. The monitoring and prediction of crack initiation and the failure modes ...

Development and structural behaviour of adhesive free laminated timber beams and cross laminated panels
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2020
Sotayo, A., Bradley, D. F., Bather, M., Oudjene, M., El-Houjeyri, I., & Guan, Z.
Glued-laminated timber (glulam) beams and cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are increasingly being used as structural members for buildings, because of their excellent mechanical properties, ability to be processed into larger structural sections and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, the inclusion of adhesives during their production raises environmental concerns due to the release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde, which also causes difficulties in recycling. This envi...

Experimental study on the impact sound insulation of cross laminated timber and timber-concrete composite floors
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Zhang, X., Hu, X., Gong, H., Zhang, J., Lv, Z., & Hong, W.
With the increasing demands for indoor comfort, the sound insulation issues of buildings should not be ignored. The impact sound of floors is the main source of noise between rooms. In this study, impact sound insulation tests were performed on one cross laminated timber (CLT) floor and one timber-concrete composite (TCC) floor to investigate the impact sound insulation performance. Since the sound insulation performance of bare floors is poor, effective sound insulation improvement schemes were...

Dynamic life cycle carbon and energy analysis for cross-laminated timber in the Southeastern United States
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-93... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Kai Lan, Stephen S Kelley, Prakash Nepal, Yuan Yao
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to understand the carbon and energy implications of manufacturing and using cross-laminated timber (CLT), an emerging and sustainable alternative to concrete and steel. However, previous LCAs of CLT are static analyses without considering the complex interactions between the CLT manufacturing and forest systems, which are dynamic and largely affected by the variations in forest management, CLT manufacturing, and end-of-life options. This study fills this...

Experimental and analytical investigations into lateral performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls with different construction methods
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136324... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Zheng Li, Xijun Wang, Minjuan He
This paper is devoted to the investigation into the lateral performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls with different construction methods (i.e., platform construction and balloon construction). Quasi-static cyclic tests were conducted on four CLT shear wall specimens. The hysteretic performance, failure modes and contribution of deformability components of the specimens were obtained and compared. Furthermore, analytical prediction models were developed for the CLT shear walls with...

Moisture risk assessment of cross-laminated timber walls: Perspectives on climate conditions and water vapor resistance performance of building materials
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Chang, S. J., Wi, S., Kang, S. G., & Kim, S.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), an engineering wood material prepared by bonding lamina in a vertical direction, is actively used in roofs, floors and shear walls of residential and commercial buildings, owing to its excellent structural stability, insulation performance, among other advantages. The building envelope, to which the wood-based material is applied, should be designed to prevent moisture problems. In this study, the ply-lam CLT with plywood was prepared, and its hygrothermal propertie...

An accurate higher order plate theory for vibrations of cross-laminated timber panels
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Thomas Furtmüller, Christoph Adam
In this contribution, bending vibrations of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are addressed. The focus is on the low to mid audio frequency range in view of the sound radiation properties of CLT. To this end, a plate theory recently proposed by the authors is adapted by introducing a deformation ansatz for the transverse displacement and neglecting insignificant terms, yielding a theory with six degrees of freedom. From the governing equations of motion, dispersion relations for the propagatio...

Human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor under different boundary conditions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Haoyu Huang, Yan Gao, Wen-Shao Chang
Vibration of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor is strongly related to its boundary conditions. In this study, the effect of beam spacing, beam size and supporting conditions on the dynamic behaviours of CLT floors were investigated. To this end, the open-source software framework Open Software for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OPENSEES) was used to simulate the dynamic performance of CLT floors and the simulated results were validated against the results of onsite experiments. OPENSEES i...

Simplified Dynamic Model for Post‐tensioned Cross‐laminated Timber Rocking Walls
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/e... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
S. Pei, D. Huang, J. W. Berman, S. K. Wichman
This paper presents a computationally efficient numerical model for predicting seismic responses of post-tensioned cross-laminated timber (CLT) rocking wall systems. The rocking wall is modeled as a simple linear beam element with a nonlinear rotational spring at the base. The model is primarily intended for preliminary design and assessment of multistory buildings using this particular lateral system. A method was developed to determine the nonlinear rotational spring parameters by considering ...

Large-scale testing of low damage rocking Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) wall panels with friction dampers
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Ashkan Hashemi, Pierre Quenneville
The use of controlled ductile rocking shear walls with low damage connections can be an efficient alternative to traditional high damage design in order to mitigate the earthquake induced damage. Nowadays there is an increased demand for seismic low damage systems that can offer a high resistance level against the severe seismic events, allowing the buildings to be swiftly returned to service. This paper introduces a friction-based energy dissipation hold-down connection for rocking Cross Lamina...

Thermo-energetic performance of wooden dwellings: Benefits of cross-laminated timber in Brazilian climates
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2020
Gustavo Nunes, Jorge Daniel de Melo Moura, Saulo Güths, Camila Atem, Thalita Giglio
This research focused on studies of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction system and, in particular, on an innovative panel composition of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) heartwood, which is considered in Brazil as a low-added-value material that is often discarded or used for less noble purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermo-energetic performance of CLT panels for use in low-income housing under several different climate conditions. The research was based on the s...

Methods for practice-oriented linear analysis in seismic design of Cross Laminated Timber buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
I.P. Christovasilis, L. Riparbelli, G. Rinaldin, G. Tamagnone
In the context of innovative seismic-resistant structures, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) construction holds an important position at a global level, supported by important full-scale tests and studies of the non-linear behaviour of these structures for severe events, demonstrating excellent performance. The present study aims to transfer current knowledge in the form of modelling approaches applicable to design engineers presenting tools and methodologies pertinent to the daily procedures of prof...

Elevated Temperature Effects on Performance of a Cross-Laminated Timber Floor-to-Wall Bracket Connections
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Kolton Mahr, Arijit Sinha, Andre R. Barbosa
Connections in mass timber structural systems transfer lateral forces from mass timber elements such as shear walls to floor diaphragms. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prominent engineered mass timber material used to manufacture walls and floor assemblies. Fire performance research of CLT walls and floors has been abundant in recent years in an effort to develop an understanding of the performance of structural members under fire. Some fire-protected structural elements, including connection...

Experimental investigation and modeling of thermal effects on a typical cross-laminated timber bracket shear connection
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2020
Kolton Mahr, Arijit Sinha, Andre R. Barbosa
Connections in mass timber structural systems are critical for transferring lateral forces from mass timber elements such as shear walls and diaphragms. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prominent mass timber material used to manufacture these wall and floor assemblies. Although research exists that investigated the fire performance of CLT walls and floors, very little investigation has been devoted to the thermal performance of the connection systems themselves. This void in the data and knowle...

The effect of edge gaps on shear strength and rolling shear modulus of cross laminated timber panels
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Gardner, C., Davids, W.G., Lopez-Anido, R., Herzog, B., Edgar, R., Nagy, E., Berube, K. and Shaler, S.
The effect of gaps between boards in transverse layers of cross-laminated timber (CLT) on shear strength was investigated. Five-ply specimens with gaps of 0, 6, 89 and 178 mm were subjected to short-span three-point bending tests. Digital imaging correlation (DIC) was used to quantify strains and displacements in core layers. Panel shear capacity met the requirements of the PRG 320 standard for performance-rated CLT for the gap sizes tested, suggesting that small gaps do not reduce shear strengt...

Cross-laminated timber rocking walls with slip-friction connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Dillon Fitzgerald, Thomas H. Miller, Arijit Sinha, John A.Nairn
Construction of tall-wood buildings is increasing in North America. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is one of the dominant structural mass-timber products and is a high strength, lightweight, value-added, wood-composite panel suited for shear walls. The advent of tall-wood buildings necessitates further connection development for increased seismic resiliency to meet life-safety and performance-based design objectives. A novel slip-friction connection (SFC) was tested on six 1.52 m by 3.04 m CLT wal...

Risk of Moisture in Diffusionally Open Roofs with Cross-Laminated Timber for Northern Coastal Climates
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/10/1/10... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2020
Agnieszka Sadłowska-Sałęga, Krzysztof Wąs
The paper is an attempt to answer the question whether the material-optimized roof construction using cross-laminated timber (CLT) is safe in terms of moisture content in the demanding northern costal climates. The proposed roof structure meets the strength requirements. The partition is diffusionally open, which facilitates moisture transport. However, there is a concern whether the applied layer system allows maintaining a safe level of moisture content below critical moisture content (CMC), w...