Cyclic performance of in-plane shear cross-laminated timber panel-to-panel surface spline connections
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2020
BradlyTaylor, Andre R.Barbosa, Arijit Sinha
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have been used as structural diaphragm elements that form the primary lateral force-resisting system in mass-timber buildings. To better understand the overall performance of CLT diaphragms, an experimental program including monotonic and cyclic in-plane shear panel-to-panel spline connections tests was conducted. The spline connections were constructed using nails and screws with different spacings. Experimental results from the testing program allow for char...

Simulated performance of cross-laminated timber residential structures subject to tornadoes
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil... [Other] [Journal Article] 2020
Michael Stoner, Weichiang Pang
Tornadoes are some of the most severe and devastating natural events and cause significant damage to structures in the United States. Light-frame wood residential structures have shown vulnerabilities to these events, but they are not explicitly addressed in the design requirements due to their infrequent occurrence, relatively small impact area (compared to hurricanes), and complex wind profile. This paper explores the potential of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) to serve as a residential building...

Equivalent-frame model for elastic behaviour of cross-laminated timber walls with openings
https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Mohammed Mestar, Ghasan Doudak, Maurizio Caola, Daniele Casagrande
An equivalent-frame model (EFM) applicable to cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls with window or door openings was developed. Two layouts were considered: hold-downs (HDs) placed at both ends of each wall segment or only at the ends of the wall. The model is the first of its kind to be proposed for CLT shear walls subject to lateral loading. Numerical modelling was performed to compare the global elastic stiffness and internal actions obtained from the EFM and a two-dimensional model using ...

Bending and shear properties of cross-laminated timber panels made of poplar (Populus alba)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2020
Hematabadi, H., Madhoushi, M., Khazaeyan, A., Ebrahimi, G., Hindman, D., & Loferski, J.
With the expansion of cross-laminated timber (CLT) material throughout the global construction community, an effort is being made to explore the use of regionally produced CLT materials from Iran, including the testing of fast-grown, hand-planted poplar (Populus alba). This paper investigated the out-of-plane bending properties of CLT panels manufactured using poplar at various span-to-depth ratios (SDR). Mechanical properties of poplar CLTs investigated included the modulus of rupture, apparent...

Environmental impacts of cross-laminated timber production in Japan
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-0... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Katsuyuki Nakano, Wataru Koike, Ken Yamagishi, Nobuaki Hattori
Japan has promoted a policy to use lumber in various types of buildings since 2010. As cross-laminated timber (CLT) is one of the engineered timber products, an amount of CLT production has been increasing in Japan under this policy. The purpose of this study is to produce generic life cycle assessment data for CLT production in Japan and to propose measures for reducing environmental impacts of CLT production. The system boundary includes from material production to CLT production (cradle-to-ga...

Effective bending and shear stiffness of cross-laminated timber by modal testing: Method development and application
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Jianhui Zhou, Ying Hei Chui, Jan Niederwestberg, Meng Gong
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity worldwide with the development of tall wood buildings. A non-destructive testing (NDT) technique employing modal testing for the measurement of natural frequencies and a genetic algorithm for minimizing the difference between calculated and measured natural frequencies has been proposed for the inverse determination of in-plane and out-of-plane elastic constants of orthotropic Mindlin plates. Based on the exact solution of free transverse vibrat...

Enclosure fire dynamics with a cross‐laminated timber ceiling
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/f... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
McNamee, R., Zehfuss, J., Bartlett, A. I., Heidari, M., Robert, F., & Bisby, L. A.
An experimental study of the influence of an exposed combustible ceiling on compartment fire dynamics has been performed. The fire dynamics in compartments with combustible cross-laminated timber ceilings vs non-combustible reinforced concrete ceilings in otherwise identical compartments with three different ventilation factors were investigated. The experimental results are compared against predictions from two theoretical models for compartment fire dynamics: (a) the parametric fire model give...

Numerical approaches for cross-laminated timber roof structure optimization in seismic retrofitting of a historical masonry church
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-0... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Nicola Longarini, Pietro Crespi, Manuela Scamardo
In recent earthquakes, historical masonry churches have demonstrated to be vulnerable structures. Strengthening interventions based on the introduction of a roof diaphragm can be considered a valid solution in order to obtain a box-behaviour of this kind of structures. Among the possible different roof-diaphragm solutions, the wooden based ones represent an effective alternative, satisfying the conservation requirements in terms of material compatibility and reversibility, together with a signif...

Model updating of seven-storey cross-laminated timber building designed on frequency-response-functions-based modal testing
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15732... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Blaž Kurent, Boštjan Brank, Wai Kei Ao
Based on the experimental estimation of the key dynamic properties of a seven-storey building made entirely of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels, the finite element (FE) model updating was performed. The dynamic properties were obtained from an input-output full-scale modal testing of the building in operation. The chosen parameters for the FE model updating allowed the consideration of the timber connections in a smeared sense. This approach led to an excellent match between the first six exp...

Life cycle performance of Cross Laminated Timber mid-rise residential buildings in Australia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Amitha Jayalath, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, Tuan Ngo, Priyan Mendis, Nick Hewson, Lu Aye
Engineering wood products have significant potential as a sustainable alternative for concrete and steel in construction. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) can add value to conventional timber products due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, simple installation, aesthetic features and environmental benefits. Recent changes in the national construction code permit structural timber buildings with a height of up to 25m, which demonstrates the strong commitment of the construction industry to adopt mo...

Bending and shear performance of Australian Radiata pine cross-laminated timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2020
S. Navaratnam, P.B. Christopher, T. Ngo, T.V. Leb
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is increasingly being used in commercial and residential construction in Australia due to its inherent strength and sustainability credentials. Until recently, infrastructure building projects using CLT have been reliant on imported products from overseas manufacturers. There is now a viable Australian grown and fabricated CLT product from Radiata pine. This paper summarises the experimental results on the mechanical behaviour of Australian Radiata pine CLT panels in...

Toe-Screwed Cross-Laminated Timber Connection Design and Nonlinear Modeling
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2020
Dillon Fitzgerald, Arijit Sinha, Thomas H. Miller, John A. Nairn
This research investigated the mechanical characteristics of cross-laminated timber (CLT) connections fastened with structural wood screws, also known as self-tapping screws (STS). The CLT connection assemblies were toe-screwed (TS) at 45° and cyclically tested in tension and in-plane shear to evaluate the failure modes and applicability as seismic connections in CLT shear walls. The connection assemblies were representative of full-scale CLT shear walls connected to CLT floors as often seen in ...

Rolling shear properties of cross-laminated timber made of fibre-managed plantation eucalyptus under short-span bending
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Rolling shear strength, CLT, plantation wood, E. nitens, E. globulus
Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens are the most dominant hardwood plantation species in Australia. Although containing a considerable amount of growth irregularities, there is an increasing interest by the industry in developing structural products, especially cross-laminated timber (CLT), from these plantation resources. In this study, for the first time, the rolling shear (RS) properties of CLT made of these two species were evaluated. Two groups of higher-grade and lower-grade CLT pane...

Wood Concrete Skyscrapers
http://support.sbcindustry.com/Archive/2010/june/P... [Tall Buildings] [Conference Paper] 2010
Jan-Willem Van De Kuilen, Ario Ceccotti, Zhouyan Xia, Minjuan He, Shuo Li
Multi-storey buildings in timber have gained increased interest with the development of cross laminated timber products. A wide variety of CLT-elements is currently on the market, most characterized by a fixed width and lengths of up to 16-20 meters. Thickness generally is limited for technical reasons to approximately 350 mm. Even though no product standard is available yet, multi-storey buildings have been realized with CLT in a number of countries, showing the potential of the product. A mult...

Seismic experiments will test performance of innovative cross-laminated timber structure
https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2017/jul/se... [Seismic Performance] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2017
Andre Barbosa, Arijit Sinha
Engineering researchers are putting an innovative two-story structure made of cross-laminated timber panels through a series of seismic tests to determine how it would perform in an earthquake....

Effect of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rate on the bonding properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Alia Syahirah Yusoh, Paridah Md Tahir, Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, Seng Hua Lee, Hamdan Husain, Mohammad Omar Khaidzir
The effects of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rates on the joint strength of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from four tropical hardwood species were studied. CLT boards were fabricated from batai (Paraserianthes falcataria), sesendok (Endospermum malaccensis), rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and kedondong (Canarium sp.). These species have densities ranged from 380 to 750 kg/m3. Three layers CLT were prepared by applying pressure of 0.7 and 1.4 N/mm2 (100 and 200 psi ...

Capacity and Failure-Mode Prediction of Mass Timber Panel–Concrete Composite Floor System with Mechanical Connectors
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2021
Md Abdul Hamid Mirdad, Ying Hei Chui, Douglas Tomlinson
Lack of design standards and guidelines is the most important barrier limiting widespread use of mass timber panel–concrete (MTPC) composite floor systems, a preferred choice by designers in modern multistory mass timber construction. The commonly used Gamma method of designing timber–concrete composite floors has some limitations and cannot predict the load-carrying capacity and failure modes of composite floor systems. Therefore, an analytical model was developed considering the interlayer con...

Influence of laminate direction and glue area on in-plane shear modulus of cross-laminated timber
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-0... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Jonas Turesson, Zahra Sharifi, Sven Berg, Mats Ekevad
The use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in constructing tall buildings has increased. So, it has become crucial to get a higher in-plane stiffness in CLT panels. One way of increasing the shear modulus, G, for CLT panels can be by alternating the layers to other angles than the traditional 0° and 90°. The diagonal compression test can be used to measure the shear stiffness from which G is calculated. A general equation for calculating the G value for the CLT panels tested in the diagonal compres...

A method for determining time equivalence for compartments with exposed mass timber, using iterative parametric fire curves
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_f53607f/P... [Fire Performance] [Conference Paper] 2020
David Barber, Robert Dixon, Egle Rackauskaite, Khai Looi
High-rise mass timber buildings using cross laminated timber and glulam are being designed and constructed globally at an increasing rate. For mass timber buildings, there are a limited number of methodologies for the structural fire assessment, when the mass timber is exposed. To determine an acceptable area of exposed load-bearing timber, such that the minimum period of fire resistance of the structure can be met in a fully developed fire, a method has been developed using an iterative approac...

Robust circle tracking for deflection measurements in structural fire experiments
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_a8296a2/P... [Fire Performance] [Conference Paper] 2020
Felix Wiesner, Luke Bisby
Measuring movements and deflections in structural fire experiments can yield critical information to generate the knowledge required to further understanding of the behaviour of structural systems in fire. However, due to the influence of flames, smoke, and heat, detailed deflection measurements can be difficult to install and maintain during experiments involving fire or heat exposure. This paper describes the concept and functionality of a simple tracking mechanism for robust image analysis of...