Performance Evaluation of a Novel Cross-laminated Timber Made from Flattened Bamboo and Wood Lumber
https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Peixing Wei, Brad Jianhe Wang, Hao Li, Libin Wang, Yingchun Gong, Suyong Huang
A novel flattened bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber (CCLT) made from flattened bamboo and hemlock lumber was developed, and its mechanical performance was investigated and quantified in this work. The results demonstrated that the CCLT columns and control hemlock CLT counterparts had nearly equal axial compression strength, but the CCLT yielded a higher compression modulus of elasticity (MOE). Additionally, the CCLT compression behaviors were not significantly affected by the height. ...

Embedding Strength of Fully-Threaded Dowel-Type Fasteners in Cross-Laminated Timber: An Experimental Study
https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/rm/article/view... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Bruna Bernardi Maia, José Luiz Miotto, Jorge Luís Nunes de Góes
The purpose of this paper is to experimentally evaluate the embedding strength of dowel-type fasteners in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), observing the effect of lamellae orientation and the dowel diameters. Thereby, CLT specimens – with three layers of lamellae – and solid timber specimens were produced and tested under loads at 0º and 90º with the direction of the grain, considering five dowel diameters. The results showed that CLT embedding strength depends on the dowel diameter in the two inve...

Implications of different modelling choices in primary energy and carbon emission analysis of buildings
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
C. Piccardo, L. Gustavsson
In recent years, several comparative life cycle analyses have shown that increasing the use of wood in buildings can reduce the life cycle primary energy use and carbon emission of buildings. This study reviews the life cycle inventory methodology of primary energy use and carbon emissions, based on ecoinvent database, considering different modelling choices for (i) materials heating values; (ii) biogenic carbon; (iii) calcination and carbonation processes; (iv) electricity production scenarios;...

Linear model to describe the working of a three layers CLT strip slab: Experimental and numerical validation
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1369... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Martina Sciomenta, Angelo Di Egidio, Chiara Bedon, Massimo Fragiacomo
Experimental out-of-plane, four-points bending tests were performed on two series of three-layered Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels made of Calabrian Beech and Calabrian Beech and Corsican Pine respectively. The predominant failure mechanism was rolling shear alongthe innerlayer and the glue line. A linear elastic model of a three-layered, CLT panel was developed to describe the stress distribution in CLT slabs in bending, with a focus on their load-bearing performance before the propagation ...

Experimental study on the quasi-static progressive collapse response of post-and-beam mass timber buildings under corner column removal scenarios
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
C.H. Lyu, B.P. Gilbert, H. Guan, I.D. Underhill, S. Gunalan, H.Karampour
This study presents the results from two quasi-static experimental tests performed on a ¼-scale, 2 × 2-bay, post-and-beam mass timber substructure, with Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) floors and Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) frames, subjected to corner column removal scenarios. One substructure was constructed and tested twice under different CLT panel configurations. In the first test (Test CM-1), the bay adjacent to the removed corner column consisted of three CLT floor panels, with two panels s...

Finite Element Modelling of Catenary Action in a Cross-Laminated Timber Floor System
http://ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=di... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Johannes A. J. Huber, Hercend Mpidi Bita, Mats Ekevad, Thomas Tannert
Buildings taller than four storeys require the designer to mitigate consequences of unexpected events, e.g. terrorism or accidents, such that a disproportionate collapse can be avoided after initial damage. One approach to halt damage propagation is using structural robustness, i.e. by providing alternative load paths. For platform-type cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings, catenary action as an alternative load path is not fully understood. The goal of the research presented in this paper is ...

Effects of material uncertainties on vibration performance cross laminated timber floors
https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2353... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2021
Marija Milojević, Emilija Damnjanović, Marija Nefovska-Danilović, Miroslav Marjanović
Variety of wood species and complexity of their structure make the reliable material properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) difficult to obtain, which can lead to inaccurate prediction of CLT behavior. Due to high stiffness-to-weight ratio, CLT floors can suffer from vibration serviceability issues. This paper aims to quantify the uncertainties induced by material properties and investigate their effect on vibration performance of CLT floors. Analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations, consid...

Effects of manufacturing parameters on properties of rubberwood-cross laminated timber manufactured via hot pressing
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Suthon Srivaro, Satjapan Leelatanon, Monthian Setkit, Nirundorn Matan, Sureurg Khongtong, Sataporn Jantawee, Jaipet Tomad
In this study, cross-laminated timber (CLT) was manufactured from rubberwood via hot pressing. The effects of manufacturing parameters, such as resin content and clamping pressure, on the following properties of CLT panels were investigated: density (ρ), water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), bonding strength (BS), compressive strength in the major strength direction of CLT (σmajor), compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the flat plane of CLT (σFlat)), and rolling shear...

Airtightness of cross-laminated timber envelopes: Influence of moisture content, indoor humidity, orientation, and assembly
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2021
Villu Kukk, Adeniyi Bella, Jaan Kers, Targo Kalamees
Decrease in the relative humidity (RH) of the indoor air causes cracks in the cross-laminated timber (CLT) surface resulting in air leakages in the CLT panel. The effect of construction moisture on CLT air tightness properties is not clearly defined, which is important for moisture safe construction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high MC on CLT air tightness properties compared to conventional factors such as indoor RH change, insulation type and façade orientation. An a...

Application of Fragility Analysis to Timber-Framed Structures for Seismic and Robustness Assessments
https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/application... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Leonardo G. Rodrigues, Jorge M. Branco, Luís A. C. Neves, André R. Barbosa
In the past few years, the construction of multi-storey timber buildings has increased significantly in locations where high-intensity ground motions are likely to occur. On the other hand, the fast development of wood engineered products, as glued-laminated timber (GLT) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), has been challenging researchers to provide adequate guidelines for the design and assessment of structures built in seismic regions. Some guidelines and analysis methods considered in seismic d...

Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Monotonic and Cyclic Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Dowel-Type Connections
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Ehsan Jalilifar, Maria Koliou, Weichiang Pang
An immeasurable amount of greenhouse gas emissions during the process of steel purification and concrete production has attracted environmentally friendly engineers’ attention to extend and enhance the use of wood as a structural material. During the last two decades, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has emerged as a high-strength engineered wood product to improve resistance and performance of timber structures, and is being used as a replacement for some mid and low-rise commercial buildings made ...

Design and construction of the MultiPly pavilion using cross-laminated tulipwood`
https://www.istructe.org/journal/volumes/volume-99... [Raw Materials] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2021
Simon Bateman, Carolina Bartram
This paper describes the design, fabrication and erection of the MultiPly timber pavilion, which was made from the first cross-laminated timber (CLT) to be manufactured at volume in the UK. Fabricated from American tulipwood, it was originally displayed at London Design Festival 2018 and has since been reconfigured and exhibited at design festivals in Milan and Madrid. The pavilion comprises a vertical maze of stacked boxes and staircases allowing the public to reach a height of over 9m from the...

Predicting the Strength and Serviceability Performance of Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Fabricated with High-Density Hardwood
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351120250... [Raw Materials] [Conference Paper] 2021
Paul Crovella, Shaghayegh Shahhosseini
The adoption of Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) as a building product has seen exponential growth in Europe, Oceania, and North America during the last decade. However, a challenge to the optimization of CLT in floor systems is the panel’s vibration characteristics for out-of-plane loading. This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the strength and vibrational serviceability performance of Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) panels fabricated from a relatively high-stiffness, high d...

Mechanical Property Evaluation of Hybrid Mixed-Species CLT Panels with Sugar Maple and White Spruce
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Yunxiang Ma, Ruizhe Si, Munkaila Musah, Qingli Dai, Xinfeng Xie, Xiping Wang, Robert J. Ross
This study evaluated the mechanical properties of hybrid (mixed-species) cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made of low-value sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and white spruce (Picea glauca). The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the laminations was measured with a nondestructive method. Three-layer hybrid CLT panels with layup combinations of sugar maple–white spruce–sugar maple and white spruce–sugar maple–white spruce were prepared to evaluate the effects of layups on the performance of the CLT sam...

Rolling shear properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from Australian Radiata Pine – An experimental study
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Xin Lia, Mahmud Ashraf, Mahbube Subhani, Paul Kremer, Haitao Li, Mohammad Anwar-Us-Saadat
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is produced from renewable bio-composite material and has been gaining popularity in building industry largely due to easily customised panellised construction technique, which is fast, efficient, minimises construction risk and waste. CLT is often considered as a sustainable alternative to traditional construction materials, and can be used to complement steel and concrete to build a sustainable future. CLT is reported to provide excellent resistance against both ou...

A review on offsite construction plant design in Auckland
https://www.cuhso.cl/index.php/safer/article/view/... [Case Study/Projects] [Journal Article] 2021
Salman Shah Salim
The main objective of this paper was to review the design considerations and challenges for offsite construction plant in Auckland. The goal is to provide the reasons for selecting the design criteria. For this the production plants Willmot Dixon in UK, CRC in Australia and Fletcher in New Zealand were considered. This plant can be used for products in residential buildings, hospitals, educational buildings and commercial buildings using Lightweight steel and timber framing, Factory assembled ba...

Energy-Based Seismic Design Method for Coupled CLT Shear Walls
https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=c... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Selamawit Dires, Thomas Tannert, Solomon Tesfamariam
Ductile cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls can be achieved by vertically joining a series of CLT panels with ductile connectors. When such multi-panel systems have a well-defined center of rotation, the resulting kinematic behavior is termed as coupled-panel (CP). In this paper, an iterative energy-based design (EBD) method is proposed for CLT shear walls based on energy balance established on their CP kinematic. Holz-Stahl-Komposit (HSK) connectors were utilized for both hold-downs and ve...

The role of the hold-down in the capacity model of LTF and CLT shear walls based on the experimental lateral response
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Angelo Aloisio, Francesco Boggian, Roberto Tomasi, Massimo Fragiacomo
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and Light Timber Frame (LTF) shear walls are widespread constructive technologies in timber engineering. Despite the intrinsic differences, the lateral response of the two structural systems may be quite similar under specific connection layouts, boundary constraints, and size of the shear walls. This paper compares the experimental cyclic responses of CLT and LTF shear walls characterized by the same size 250×250cm, and loaded according to the EN 12512 protocol. The...

Rolling Shear Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%2... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Bo-Han Xu, Sheng-Du Zhang, Yan-Hua Zhao, Abdelhamid Bouchaïr
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative wood product that can be used to build midrise and tall wood construction as an alternative to concrete, masonry, and steel. As floor, roof, and wall made of CLT is subjected to out-of-plane bending, rolling shear (RS) failure of cross-layers can arise prior to bending failure of the outermost layers, which governs the load-carrying capacity of CLT. In fact, the global deflections of CLT depend on the rolling shear modulus of cross-layers, which is m...

Application of Support Vector Regression to the Prediction of the Long-Term Impacts of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Wood Frame and Massive Timber Walls
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/5/188... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Naman Bansal, Maurice Defo, Michael A. Lacasse
The objective of this study was to explore the potential of a machine learning algorithm, the Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR), to forecast long-term hygrothermal responses and the moisture performance of light wood frame and massive timber walls. Hygrothermal simulations were performed using a 31-year long series of climate data in three cities across Canada. Then, the first 5 years of the series were used in each case to train the model, which was then used to forecast the hygrothermal ...