Conceptual design and development of a preliminary calculation method for wood-wood connections - Through design of two visible connections
https://odr.chalmers.se/handle/20.500.12380/302278... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Sara Eidenvall, Erica Samuelsson
Timber structures get more and more common in the Swedish context of construction. With an increasing interest in new ways of building sustainably, and with structures getting a more relevant role in the visual architecture of a building, the connection of structural members hold an important role. By constructing these connections of only wood instead of more commonly with metal screws, nails and plates, a more sustainable solution can be achieved. This also gives way for new solutions with a d...

Cross-laminated Timber Design by Flattened Bamboo based on Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Finite Element Analysis
https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2021
Chao Li, Lixin Zhang, Xinyu Ma, Xilong Wang
Bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber (BCLT) is a new kind of wood structure material. Studies of the mechanical properties of BCLT have the potential to improve its utilization. Compared with the traditional testing method, this paper designs a fast and effective nondestructive testing method. Three types of composite BCLT plates were designed and made. Multi-point sampling of unit-converted timber was done using a 900-1700 nm NIR spectrometer. Mechanical properties of the unit converted...

Sustainability Design Considerations for Timber-Concrete Composite Floor Systems
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2021/6688076... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2021
Md Abdul Hamid Mirdad, Hossein Daneshvar, Thomas Joyce, Ying Hei Chui
Over the last few decades, there has been growing interest in the use of low-carbon materials to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction industry. The advent of mass timber panels (MTP), such as cross laminated timber (CLT), has allowed structural engineers to specify a low-carbon material for a variety of floor design considerations. However, serviceability issues such as vibration and deflection are limiting the construction of longer span timber-only floor systems and have encour...

Strain variation analysis of cross-laminated timber elements under cyclic moisture
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2021
Catarina Silva, Jorge M. Branco, Zabih Mehdipour, José Xavier, Arthur S. Rebouças, Paulo B. Lourenço
Despite the growing use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels in the construction industry, their behaviours under weather conditions, especially cyclic moisture which generated additional strains, requires further investigation. To address this gap, an extensive experimental campaign was carried out to evaluate CLT elements, in which strains are measured, under cyclic moisture changes, using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). In this way, the effects of cyclic humidity changes on amplitude and d...

New edge connection technology for cross laminated timber (CLT) floor slabs promoting two-way action
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Julian Asselstine, Frank Lam, Chao Zhang
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a class of engineered wood product with the ability to act as a flat plate floor system transferring loads in two-directions due to the orthogonally crossed layers. Currently, dimensional limitations from manufacturing and transportation limit the minor span to about 3.0 m (9.84 ft). This results in under utilization of the bending properties of the cross-layers or the choice of a different product because of the common use of one-way bending support conditions su...

Stora Enso invests in cross laminated timber (CLT) production in Czech Republic
https://www.storaenso.com/en/newsroom/regulatory-a... [Markets] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2020
Stora Enso
Stora Enso has decided to invest approximately EUR 79 million in a new production line for cross laminated timber (CLT) at its Ždírec sawmill in the Czech Republic. The investment will further enhance Stora Enso’s position as a global provider of high-quality engineered wooden elements and as a market leader in CLT....

Shear strength of cross laminated timber-concrete connections reinforced with carbon fibre polymer composites
https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/19890... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2018
A. Hadigheh, D. Dias-da-Costa
This paper presents an experimental study on the mechanical behaviour of four different timber concrete composite (TCC) connections. Experimental shear tests were conducted to assess the strength and stiffness of the composite connection system. A new type of connection based on carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) was also proposed to achieve enhanced performance at the cross laminated timber. The stiffness and strength for each type of connection were identified by assessing the load-slip be...

Small scale tests on the performance of adhesives used in cross laminated timber (CLT) at elevated temperatures
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Samuel L. Zelinka, Ken Sullivan, Shiling Pei, Noah Ottum, Nathan J. Bechle, Rammer Douglas R., Laura E. Hasburgh
This study is part of a research project examining fire risk in cross laminated timber (CLT) buildings. “Delamination”, a major concern for CLT fire safety, can occur when the adhesive bondline fails in the panel before it chars which can lead to additional fuel for fire regrowth. Understanding the mechanical strength and stiffness of the adhesive bond under elevated temperature is one of the fundamental steps towards better understanding delamination. In this study, the material properties of w...

Flexural Performance of Novel Nail-Cross-Laminated Timber Composite Panels
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5983... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2020
Yannian Zhang, Moncef L. Nehdi, Xiaohan Gao,Lei V. Zhang
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative wood panel composite that has been attracting growing interest worldwide. Apart from its economic benefits, CLT takes full advantage of both the tensile strength parallel to the wood grain and its compressive strength perpendicular to the grain, which enhances the load bearing capacity of the composite. However, traditional CLT panels are made with glue, which can expire and lose effectiveness over time, compromising the CLT panel mechanical strength...

Experimental and numerical study on bending properties of heterogeneous lamella layups in cross laminated timber using Australian Radiata Pine
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2020
XinLi, Mahmud Ashrafa, Mahbube Subhani, Paul Kremer, Bidur Kafle, Kazem Ghabraie
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is a sustainable and innovative engineered timber product validated as a viable alternative to more traditional construction materials like reinforced concrete and steel for use in mid-rise prefabricated construction. The structural response of CLT heavily relies on the species of timber used in manufacturing with feedstock varying significantly due to the original source and plantation stand. In Australia, Radiata Pine commonly used for general purpose structural ti...

Swelling and shrinkage behaviors of cross-laminated timber made of different species with various lamina thickness and combinations
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2020
Sung-Jun Pang, Gi Young Jeong
The goal of this study was to analyze swelling (Sw) and shrinkage (Sh) behaviors of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made of different species and various lamina thickness and combinations. Compared to Sw and Sh of CLT made of larch, Sw and Sh of CLT made of pine showed lower values. As the thickness of CLT increased, Sw and Sh behaviors of CLT did not show a consistent trend. Strain in out-of-plane was approximately nine times higher than strain in in-plane. Strain distributions and strain values i...

Bonding performance of adhesive systems for cross-laminated timber treated with micronized copper azole type C (MCA-C)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Journal Article] 2020
Hyungsuk Lim, Sachin Tripathi, Juliet D.Tang
The feasibility of manufacturing cross-laminated timber (CLT) from southern yellow pine (United States grown) treated with micronized copper azole type C (MCA-C) preservative was evaluated. Lumber (2x6 visually graded no. 2 boards) was treated to two retention levels (1.0 and 2.4 kg/m3), planed to a thickness of 35 mm, and assembled along with an untreated control group using three adhesive systems following product specifications: melamine formaldehyde (MF), resorcinol formaldehyde (RF), and on...

Reinforcement of maritime pine cross-laminated timber panels by means of natural flax fibers
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Other] [Journal Article] 2020
Monica Valdes, Gian Felice Giaccu, Daniel Meloni, Giovanna Concu
The present paper shows the first results of an ongoing research aimed at studying the potentiality of the combination of laminated timber and natural fibers to obtain high-performance structural elements. The experimentation conducted has involved a set of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels made of maritime pine grown in Sardinia (Italy) and externally reinforced with natural flax fibers fabrics. A bending test program has been carried out on two CLT layouts, three-layers and five-layers panel...

Glued-in rods in cross laminated timber – Numerical simulations and parametric studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Other] [Journal Article] 2019
Boris Azinović, Henrik Danielsson, Erik Serrano, Miha Kramar
Numerical simulations and parametric studies of glued-in rods in cross-laminated timber have been performed. The simulations were based on 3D finite element analysis, using a cohesive surface model for the bond-lines between the laminations and the bond-line along the rod. The parametric studies investigated the influence of the glued-in length, the rod diameter, and the rod-to-grain angle on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the connection. The analyses showed that the load-bearing cap...

Energy and hygrothermal performance of cross laminated timber single-family homes subjected to constant and variable electric rates
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Lewis Setter, Eric Smoorenburg, Sajith Wijesuriya, Paulo Cesar Tabares-Velasco
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a panelized mass timber product suitable for sustainable building construction that can reduce building energy use and cooling electricity peak demand. Previous studies have shown that CLT has a market in the US for tall commercial buildings. However, most of the current CLT literature has not consider application in residential construction. Residential building energy use is highly susceptible to weather. Thus, it has the potential to benefit from using CLT as t...

Reducing human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber floor—Application of multi-tuned mass damper system
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/s... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Haoyu Huang, Chang Wang, Wen-Shao Chang
As a vibration control technique, tuned mass damper (TMD) system has been shown to be effective in reducing the human-induced vibration of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor. However, the lightweight property of such a floor means there could be off-tuning when its mass varies. This study therefore developed a steel-based multi-TMD (MTMD) system and a shape memory alloy (SMA)-based MTMD system to reduce human-induced vibration of the CLT floor. The superelastic SMA components can give the MTMD...

In situ measurement inside an exterior wall in solid timber construction with cross laminated timber near the wall base
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ba... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2020
Konstantin Ganster, Gerhard Schickhofer
Der Feuchteschutz ist bei Konstruktionen aus Holz essentiell, um langfristige Schäden ausschließen zu können. Grundsätzlich hat die oder der Planende zwei Möglichkeiten, um Feuchteschäden zu verhindern. Zum einen ist das die bauphysikalische Strategie, bei der durch sinnvolle Wahl der Schichtenfolge, der Schichtdicken und der Materialien Bauteile so dimensioniert werden, dass die Wassergehalte in den maßgeblichen Schichten dauerhaft unterhalb einer zulässigen Grenze bleiben. Das Risiko solcher F...

Against the Grain: Designing and Building with Cross Laminated Timber`
https://builtenvironmentplus.org/event/against-the... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2020
Garrett Andrews
Architects, engineers, state, and local climate leaders face substantial challenges with regard to meeting increasingly aggressive climate goals in the built environment. Interest in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is beginning to expand in the United States, due to a combination of technology improvements, emerging acceptance among building code officials, local economic development potential, carbon sequestration, construction waste reduction and other benefits. An expert panel will explore the p...

Evaluation of the Summer Overheating Phenomenon in Reinforced Concrete and Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in the Cold and Severe Cold Regions of China
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6305... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Haibo Guo, Lu Huang, Wenjie Song, Xinyue Wang, Hongnan Wang, Xinning Zhao
As the climate changed in recent years, an increase in summer indoor temperatures in severe cold and cold regions of China has started to affect thermal comfort. However, the local design standard for energy efficiency does not recognize this phenomenon. This paper reports the potential overheating phenomenon in residential buildings and examines the rationale for the current thermal designs adopted in severe cold and cold regions of China. In this study, the two most commonly used building mate...

LignaTerra to build US$30m CLT plant in Maine
https://www.wbpionline.com/news/lignaterra-to-buil... [Markets] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2018
wbpi
LignaTerra is to build a US$30m CLT plant in Millinocket, Maine and will open its new facility at the mill site owned by Our Katahdin, Inc. The move will generate over 100 direct jobs when the company plans to start production within 12 months. The plant aims to generate 10 million board feet of timber in the first year, 2019, and 50 million feet by the fifth....