Axially loaded screws in solid timber, glued laminated timber and cross laminated timber
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/b... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2015
Andreas Ringhofer, Reinhard Brandner, Georg Flatscher, Gerhard Schickhofer
This paper concentrates on the bearing behavior of axially loaded self-tapping screws in solid timber and the board-composed, layered timber products glued laminated timber and cross laminated timber. Focusing on withdrawal failure mode and basing on numerous investigations done in the past, we formulate a new and universal approach including multiplicative k-factors or k-functions for determining the withdrawal strength of self-tapping screws variably situated in these products. Consequently, w...

Improved low-frequency performance of cross-laminated timber floor panels by informed material selection
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Peter Persson, Ola Flodén, Henrik Danielsson, Andrew Peplow, Lars Vabbersgaard Andersen
The paper demonstrates improved structural low-frequency vibroacoustic performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor panels by informed selection of the wood material. The use of wood species and strength classes that are not traditionally assigned to CLT panels was investigated in order to study their influence on dynamic characteristics and vibroacoustic response metrics. The potential of each of the orthotropic material properties to alternate the vibration response was examined to determ...

Life Cycle Assessment of Reprocessed Cross Laminated Timber in Latvia
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rtuect-2021-00... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Ilze Vamza, Fabian Diaz, Peteris Resnais, Antra Radziņa, Dagnija Blumberga
It is expected that Cross-laminated timber (CLT) and other engineered wood products will experience rapid growth in the coming years. Global population growth is requiring more housing units, at the same time the negative impact of construction industry cannot stay in the same level as today. Alternatives for concrete and steel reinforced structures are being explored. CLT has proven to be an excellent substitution for concrete regarding construction of buildings up to eight storeys high. In add...

Environmental Impacts of Building Construction Using Cross-laminated Timber Panel Construction Method: A Case of the Research Building in Kyushu, Japan
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2220... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Katsuyuki Nakano, Masahiko Karube, Nobuaki Hattori
In Japan, there has been an increase in the number of buildings built using cross-laminated timber (CLT) in order to utilize the abundant forest resources in the country. However, no studies have evaluated the environmental impact of the construction of CLT buildings in Japan. This study evaluates the environmental impacts from the start of construction to the completion of a real CLT building in Kumamoto city, Kyushu region, southern Japan. We investigated the input of the materials and energy ...

Composting of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Sawdust
https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/21199... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2018
Gulbahar Bahsi Kaya
A three-month study evaluated composting of cross laminated timber (CLT) sawdust amended with 10% and 20% chicken litter. Moisture was provided by rainwater or deionized water depending on the precipitation. The contents in the containers were mixed once or twice a week for aeration. Samples were collected at 0, 45, and 90-day intervals to measure weight loss, moisture content, pH, compost maturity, microbial count, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Results indicated that composted CLT with 20% chic...

Structural behaviour of cross-laminated timber elements in fires
https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/36675... [Fire Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Felix Wiesner
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a comparatively novel engineered material consisting of timber boards that are arranged in layers of alternating directions and bonded with adhesives. It is increasingly the material of choice to realise mid height to tall timber buildings; however, because timber is a combustible material there are concerns with respect to its fire safety when used for tall buildings. As an engineered material the configuration of CLT can be varied in multiple ways, with currentl...

Hygrothermal Performance of Southern Pine Cross-Laminated Timber
https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.20/357... [Moisture/Durability] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2018
Guizhou Wang
Being a relatively new wood product, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has advantages such as dimensional stability, high strength and stiffness properties, good acoustic and fire resistance, fast on-site processing, and great potential as substitute for concrete and steel in building envelopes. However, the properties of CLT are highly species dependent. This research chose southern pine as subject species because of its economic importance as the most widely-planted tree species group in the US, an...

Numerical model and optimization for cross-laminated timber – light frame wood shear walls hybrid system
https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/6544... [Mechanical Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Tu Xuan Ho
This dissertation introduced a new hybrid building system in which the post-tensioned rocking CLT panels were coupled with traditional light-frame wood constructions. The initial study showed excellent self-centering and energy dissipation capacities of the hybrid walls. A finite element model was developed for rocking walls/columns and allowed to perform a global-analysis for structures using rocking elements. The model was validated by 3-D FEM models in ABAQUS and MATLAB, and an experimental t...

Developing a Design Procedure for Cross Laminated Timber Mats
https://indigo.uic.edu/articles/thesis/Developing_... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2015
Ines Torra
Cross-laminated Timber (CLT), a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe, is a relatively innovative building system of interest in the North American construction and is helping to define a new class of timber products known as massive or “mass” timber. This material has been gaining popularity in residential and non-residential applications in several countries due to many advantages it can offer: high dimension stability, high strength and stiffness, high level ...

Prototyping Elliptically Profiled Inverted Pendulum Walls in Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) for Passive Self-centering and Seismic Resiliency
https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2217/... [Seismic Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Marco Lo Ricco
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings garnered international attention, nearly a decade ago, for elevating wood construction to new heights on fully panelized assemblies of floors and walls. While highly regarded as a sustainable building material, use of CLT as a structural wall system depends on seismically resilient strategies like controlled rocking. This project prototyped elliptically profiled CLT panels and slotted-pin steel connections, at full-scale, to produce rolling and slip-frictio...

Evaluation of the effect of knots on rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Yawei Cao, Jason Street, Minghao Li, Hyungsuk Lim
The study experimentally and analytically investigated the effect of knots on the rolling shear (RS) strength of 3-ply southern yellow pine cross-laminated timber (CLT). Center-point bending tests and two-plate shear tests were conducted on six CLT configurations composed of different types of cross layer laminations based on knots conditions (No Knots, Sound Knots, and Decayed Knots) and pith conditions (Pith, No Pith). The shear analogy method was implemented to evaluate the RS strength values...

Experimental Investigation of Structural Behavior for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Wall-to-Floor Connection
https://megaronjournal.com/jvi.aspx?pdir=megaron&p... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2019
Aygül Ceylan, Z Canan Girgin
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an innovative industrial wood product, especially as a structural wall in order to meet the rigidity and strength requirements in multi-storey timber buildings. CLT members are assembled with metal connectors (angle bracket, joining plates, etc.) via nails, screws, dowels, etc. For energy-absorbing structural CLT connections, many experimental studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of the connections, especially for the earthquake prone regions. There is...

Designed for Friedrich Nietzsche: A Roof- and Facade-Structure cut out from Cross-Laminated Timber-Plates
https://structurae.net/en/literature/conference-pa... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2011
Martin Trautz
...

Effect of Wood Characteristics on Adhesive Bond Quality of Yellow-Poplar for Use in Cross-Laminated Timbers
https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5826/... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2015
Daniel Hovanec
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are gaining more interest in North America, though CLTs are currently only approved for manufacture under ANSI/APA PRG-320 using select softwood species. Much of the low-grade Appalachian hardwood lumber produced has potential for being used to produce CLT panels given that necessary research data is developed to show that hardwood CLTs meet the requirements of the standard. One particular issue with using hardwood lumber in CLT panels is that it is often more...

Mechanics-based analytical models for balloon-type cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls under lateral loads
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Zhiyong Chen, Marjan Popovski
Besides platform-type construction method, a rarely investigated balloon-type method, in which the walls are continuous for the entire height of the building and the floor panels are attached to the walls at each floor, can also be used to construct Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) buildings. The balloon-type method endures several key advantages to the CLT buildings, such as reducing connections and avoiding accumulating compression perpendicular to grain in the floors, thus being a viable solution...

Influence of Layer Arrangement on Bonding and Bending Performances of Cross-laminated Timber Using Two Different Species
https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2020
Keon-Ho Kim
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a wood panel product that can be arranged in different ways. The advantage of utilizing CLT is the ability to use lamination even with low density materials or those that have defects, like knots. This study evaluated the bonding and bending performances of CLT utilizing domestic species in a shear wall or floor via a face bonding test of layers and a three-point bending test. The tests were carried out with three-layered CLT made up of Japanese larch and/or Korea...

Experimental and numerical investigations of the hygrothermal behaviour of cross laminated timber using the example of an exterior wall
https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/exp... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2019
Konstantin Ganster, Andreas Ringhofer, Gerhard Schickhofer
Experimental and numerical investigations of the hygrothermal behaviour of cross laminated timber using the example of an exterior wall – Within the scope of the project “massive_living” in Graz (AT), sensors were installed within an external wall section in a solid wood construction with cross laminated timber and observed over a period of more than two years. Due to the hygroscopic behaviour of wood, the moisture content of the wood adapts to the surrounding climate (equilibrium moisture conte...

Reconstruction method of masonry buildings with inner core made of cross laminated timber panels
https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=59024&lang=en... [Other] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2016
Aleš Perjet
In my masters thesis technology of performing a new reconstruction method of an old masonry building with inferior seismic resistance is presented. In the interior of the masonry building new secondary timber construction made of cross laminated solid timber panels (as the inner core of the building) is embedded and adequately connected to the old primary masonry construction. In such a way the primary masonry construction with inferior seismic resistance is retrofitted with the new timber const...

Cyclic response of insulated steel angle brackets used for cross-laminated timber connections
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-0... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2021
Meta Kržan, Boris Azinović
In cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings, in order to reduce the disturbing transmission of sound over the flanking parts, special insulation layers are used between the CLT walls and slabs, together with insulated angle-bracket connections. However, the influence of such CLT connections and insulation layers on the seismic resistance of CLT structures has not yet been studied. In this paper, experimental investigation on CLT panels installed on insulation bedding and fastened to the CLT floor ...

Sustainable Cross-Laminated Timber Structures in a Seismic Area: Overview and Future Trends
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/5/2078... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Antonio Sandoli, Claudio D’Ambra, Carla Ceraldi, Bruno Calderoni, Andrea Prota
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings are recognized as a robust alternative to heavyweight constructions, because beneficial for seismic resistance and environmental sustainability, more than other construction materials. The lightness of material and the satisfactory dissipative response of the mechanical connections provide an excellent seismic response to multi-story CLT buildings, in spite of permanent damage to timber panels in the connection zones. Basically, CLT constructions are highly...