Offices, retail space and cross-laminated timber
https://tvaarchitects.com/offices-retail-space-and... [Markets] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2021
Josh Kulla
Another project featuring cross-laminated timber will soon go before the Portland Bureau of Development Services for evaluation....

A Small-Scale Test to Examine Heat Delamination in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/2/232... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Byrne Miyamoto, Nathan J. Bechle, Douglas R. Rammer, Samuel L. Zelinka
This paper examines the strength of wood adhesive bonds at high temperatures. The goal of this research is to better understand the conditions of heat delamination in cross laminated timber (CLT) that is exposed to fire. Heat delamination in CLT occurs when one lamination detaches from the composite panel before the char front reaches the bondline. Timber that falls from the panel, as a result of delamination, contributes additional fuel to the fire, which can cause fire regrowth, while the loss...

SOFIE project – 3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated timber building
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/e... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2013
Ario Ceccotti, Carmen Sandhaas, Minoru Okabe, Motoi Yasumura, Chikahiro Minowa, Naohito Kawai
Multi-storey buildings made of cross-laminated timber panels (X-lam) are becoming a stronger and economically valid alternative in Europe compared with traditional masonry or concrete buildings. During the design process of these multi-storey buildings, also their earthquake behaviour has to be addressed, especially in seismic-prone areas such as Italy. However, limited knowledge on the seismic performance is available for this innovative massive timber product. On the basis of extensive testin...

Modelling of Elevated Temperature Performance of Adhesives Used in Cross Laminated Timber: An Application of ANSYS Mechanical 2020 R1 Structural Analysis Software
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4931/3/1/46... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Ivan Moses Okuni, Tracy Ellen Bradford
There is difficulty in accurately modelling adhesive influence in structural performance of cross laminated timber (CLT), due to a lack of available knowledge on the heat performance of adhesives. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to evaluate the thermal and mechanical properties of adhesives used in production of engineered wood products like CLT. The properties of the timber species and the adhesive types used in the simulation were derived from published literature and handbooks. A...

Fragility functions and behavior factors estimation of multi-story cross-laminated timber structures characterized by an energy-dependent hysteretic model
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/8755... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Angelo Aloisio, Rocco Alaggio, Massimo Fragiacomo
The authors assessed the fragility functions and behavior factors of cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures. The structures derive from the assembly of single CLT wall panels characterized by different configurations. The extended energy-dependent generalized Bouc-Wen (EEGBW) hysteresis model describes their inelastic behavior: the experimental data obtained by Gavric et al. are used to calibrate the hysteretic models of the considered cases. The truncated incremental dynamic analysis of the bu...

Experimentally based q-factor estimation of cross-laminated timber walls
https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/jstb... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Luca Pozza, Roberto Scotta, Davide Trutalli, Andrea Polastri, Ian Smith
Behaviour factor values applicable to cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings are determined and several variables influencing construction are examined. The necessary experimental tests and analytical interpretation for estimating the behaviour factors for CLT wall systems, characterised as they are by several types of layout, were performed. The information given in this paper may be used to estimate the behaviour factor of whole CLT buildings. The results show that the proposed q-factors confi...

Cross laminated timber at in-plane beam loading – Comparison of model predictions and FE-analyses
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Henrik Danielsson, Mario Jelečb, Erik Serrano, Vlatka Rajčićc
The work presented concerns validation of a specific analytical model for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) at in-plane beam loading conditions. The original model (model A) has previously been presented in the literature and is also suggested to be used as a basis for design equations for the next version of Eurocode 5. An improved version (model B) of that original model (model A), regarding basic assumptions relating to the internal force distribution, has recently been presented in the literature...

Large-Scale Dynamic Testing of Rocking Cross Laminated Timber Walls
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/h... [Seismic Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2018
Sarah Wichman
With the recent development of engineered wood products such as cross laminated timber (CLT), tall mass timber buildings are becoming a feasible and attractive alternative to using nonrenewable materials such as concrete and steel. Using CLT panels in a post-tensioned rocking wall system shows great potential for creating reliable, cost-effective, and rapidly constructible ductile seismic load resisting systems. The design of these systems are supplemented with replaceable steel U-shaped flexura...

Tall Wood Buildings - The Canadian Wood Council - CWC
https://cwc.ca/how-to-build-with-wood/building-sys... [Markets] [Web Page] 2021
Canadian Wood Council
A tall wood building is a building over six-storeys in height (top floor is higher than 18 m above grade) that utilizes mass timber elements as a functional component of its structural support system. With advanced construction technologies and modern mass timber products such as glued-laminated timber (glulam), cross-laminated timber (CLT) and structural composite lumber (SCL), building tall with wood is not only achievable but already underway – with completed contemporary buildings in Canada,...

Brock Commons Tallwood House
https://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/CS-Brock... [Case Study/Projects] [Report] 2018
Canadian Wood Council
While BC has taken a leadership role in Canada for taller wood buildings with the construction of Brock Commons Tallwood House and the Wood Innovation and Design Centre in Prince George, other jurisdictions in Canada are close behind. The 13-storey Origine condo building in the Pointe-aux-Lièvres eco-neighbourhood in Quebec City has recently been completed, making it the tallest wood building in eastern Canada and the tallest wood-construction condo tower in North America.T his tall solid timber...

Effects of Grain Pattern on the Rolling Shear Properties of Wood in Cross-Laminated Timber
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/6/668/htm... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Guofang Wu, Yong Zhong, Haiqing Ren
Rolling shear modulus and strength are the key factors affecting the mechanical performance of some wood products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT). As reported, rolling shear property strongly depends on the sawing pattern such as the aspect ratio and grain direction (grain mode). However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon has not yet been clarified. In this work, the rolling shear modulus and strength of spruce-pine-fir (SPF) with different grain modes and aspect ratios were experimental...

Effects of Heavy Topping on Vibrational Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Systems
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3416/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2020
Benjamin Kent Schwendy
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is gaining momentum as a competitor to steel and concrete in the construction industry. However, with CLT being relatively new to North America, it is being held back from realizing its full potential by a lack of research in various areas, such as vibration serviceability. This has resulted in vague design guidelines, leading to either overly conservative designs, hurting profit margins, or leading to overly lenient designs, resulting in occupancy discomfort. Elimin...

Bonding Hardwood Lumber For Cross Laminated Timber: Properties and Environmental Impacts
https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/1082/... [Bonding/Adhesives] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2020
Munkaila Musah
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated engineered wood product that are made of at least three orthogonal layers of graded sawn lumber or structural composite lumber (SCL) that are laminated by gluing with structural adhesives. The concept of CLT has been developed into a global adaptable building material. The advancement rates of CLT as mass building material in production volume and distribution has unwrapped up new opportunities for hardwood species, which traditionally have not bee...

Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber as a Residential Building Material Subject to Tornado Events
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/... [Other] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2020
Michael W. Stoner
Innovations in the use of wood as a structural material have included the invention of engineered wood products including Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) for which markets are expanding. One such market is residential construction where many structures are built using light-frame construction techniques. These structures have shown vulnerabilities to hazards such as tornadoes; whereas, CLT has shown potential to withstand these hazards. The project had two main components: an experimental test pha...

Evaluation of coatings used for prolonging the durability of cross-laminated timber against weathering and wood decay fungi
https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/16651... [Moisture/Durability] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2020
Gabrielly dos Santos Bobadilha
The aim of this study was to assess the durability of commercially available coatings on cross- laminated timber (CLT) during natural and artificial weathering and against wood decay fungus. The CLT samples coated with twelve coatings were tested based on their moisture exclusion, water repellency, volumetric swelling and anti-swelling efficiency. Among all the tested coatings, only five (A, C, F, I and J) were able to promote water repellency and limiting dimensional changes. The top five coati...

Environmental Assessment of the Production and End-of-Life of Cross-Laminated Timber in Western Washington
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/h... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Cindy Chen Xiaoning
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a large-scale engineered wood product that may be used as structural components in buildings. Increase in city population leads to higher demand for tall buildings. CLT has the potential of becoming an important alternative material to concrete in an uprising construction industry. The State of Washington is becoming a leader in adopting CLT in the U.S., but research and data at the regional level are lacking, and few studies have considered the impacts of the tre...

Application of the State Space Approach to Cross-Laminated Timber Panels
https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-sc... [Mechanical Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2019
Asad Shukri Albostami
In many countries today, cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are increasingly being used in structural applications. CLT has many key advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio in comparison to other common construction materials, excellent sustainability credentials, easy handling in construction, quick erection time, and good thermal and sound insulation. CLT exhibits complex behaviour; therefore, powerful theories are required to provide a better understanding of the mechanical behaviou...

Direct and flanking transmission across timber concrete composite floors with cross laminated timber walls
https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3021424... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2018
Claire Churchill
Timber-concrete composite (HBV) floors are widely manufactured by many construction companies. Cross laminated timber (CLT) elements are an effective way to produce more homogenised timber building elements. In this thesis, the applicability of measurement-based prediction methods to calculate the apparent sound reduction index (R’) for these two types of elements was investigated. A prediction model using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) was developed and validated to calculate the airborne so...

Cross Laminated Timber - A design stage primer
https://www.routledge.com/Cross-Laminated-Timber-A... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Book/Book Section] 2020
Nic Crawley
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has long been heralded as a wonder material, with a light environmental footprint, high strength, quick installation times and reduced waste – so why isn’t everyone using it? Delving into the key considerations including fire safety, cost and value, visual aspects, planning, feasibility and engineering, this book is an essential companion to designing and delivering exemplar CLT buildings. Abundantly illustrated with over 130 colour images and in-depth case studies f...

Simplified Dynamic Model for Post-tensioned Cross-laminated Timber Rocking Walls
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/e... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
S. Pei, D. Huang, J. W. Berman, S. K. Wichman
This paper presents a computationally efficient numerical model for predicting seismic responses of post-tensioned cross-laminated timber (CLT) rocking wall systems. The rocking wall is modeled as a simple linear beam element with a nonlinear rotational spring at the base. The model is primarily intended for preliminary design and assessment of multistory buildings using this particular lateral system. A method was developed to determine the nonlinear rotational spring parameters by considering ...