Structural Timber In Compartment Fires – The Timber Charring and Heat Storage Model
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2021
Joachim Schmid, Andrea Frangi
The influence of exposed timber surfaces on compartment fires has been well documented in various studies in recent decades. Yet available design concepts still typically neglect the influence of an additional fire load from linear structural timber elements such as beams and columns. As rules for large shares of exposed timber surfaces, e.g. by panels, are rare, authorities and fire safety engineers demand often mock-up compartment fire experiments to estimate the fire safety of a particular de...

Structural performance of a hybrid timber wall system for emergency housing facilities
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342239769... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2021
Daniele Casagrande, Ester Sinito, Matteo Izzi, Gaia Pasetto, Andrea Polastri
...

Mechanical behaviour of two orthogonally glued boards
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mechanical-b... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2004
Robert Jöbstl, Thomas Bogensperger, G. Schickhofer, G. Jeitler
The end of the 20th century saw the development of the large-sized cross laminated timber board that usually consists of symmetrically arranged layers of boards. The orientation of the laminations within the same layer is parallel, while it is orthogonal in adjoining layers. To date, comprehensive technical tests and experiments have been carried out to examine the resistance of such elements to forces perpendicular to the plane so that statically constructive computation and design can be ensur...

Laboratory experiments on hygrothermal behaviour of real-scale timber walls
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262699544... [Moisture/Durability] [Journal Article] 2012
Helisoa Rafidiarison, Eric Mougel, Alexis Nicolas
Hygrothermal performance of massive wood and wooden materials used as structural purposes in building envelope are measured by means of laboratory tests. For this purpose, hygrothermal short-time behaviour of two massive timber walls exposed to summer climatic conditions were investigated. A double climatic chamber simulating real on-site conditions was designed and built at the LERMAB/ENSTIB site in Epinal and used during wall behaviour assessment. Temperature and humidity variations with time ...

Temperature Dependence of Adhesive Strength and Fire Resistance of Structural Glued Laminated Timber Beams
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258699019... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2013
Toshiro Harada, Atsuchi Miyatake, Daisuke Kamikawa, Yasushi Hiramatsu, Kenta Shindo, Akio Inoue, Kohta Miyamoto, Shin-ichiro Tohmura, Yasunori Hatano, Masayuki Miyabayashi
In order to discuss how adhesive strength at elevated temperature affects the fire resistance of glued laminated timber (GLT), structural GLT beams using adhesives of phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) resin, aqueous polymer isocyanate (water based polymer-isocyanate, API) resin or polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) resin were made and their fire performances were evaluated. The PRF-GLT beams and API-GLT beams exhibited the fire performance required for the 45-minute fire test However, the PVAc-GLT beam...

Viability of Hybrid Poplar in ANSI Approved Cross-Laminated Timber Applications
http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/%7Ebarbosa/product... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2013
Anthonie Kramer, Andre R Barbosa, Arijit Sinha
The development of cross-laminated timber (CLT) technology has opened up new perspectives for low-density hardwood species, which have traditionally not been rated as construction-grade materials for structural engineering applications. Several characteristics of the CLT, namely thermal performance, seismic behavior, and speed of construction, have raised interest among designers. The CLT technology has recently been used for residential and non-residential multi-story buildings and it has been ...

Effect of Realistic Boundary Conditions on the Behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber Elements Subjected to Simulated Blast Loads
https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/36993/7/Co... [Other] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2017
Dominic Cote
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an emerging engineered wood product in North America. Past research effort to establish the behaviour of CLT under extreme loading conditions has focused CLT slabs with idealized simply-supported boundary conditions. Connections between the wall and the floor systems above and below are critical to fully describing the overall behaviour of CLT structures when subjected to blast loads. The current study investigates the effects of “realistic” boundary conditions on...

Effect of Realistic Boundary Conditions on the Behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber Elements Subjected to Simulated Blast Loads
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-Re... [Other] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2017
Dominic Cote
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an emerging engineered wood product in North America. Past research effort to establish the behaviour of CLT under extreme loading conditions has focussed CLT slabs with idealized simply-supported boundary conditions. Connections between the wall and the floor systems above and below are critical to fully describing the overall behaviour of CLT structures when subjected to blast loads. The current study investigates the effects of “realistic” boundary conditions o...

Study on shear performance of horizontal diaphragm reinforced with shear keys along clt joints
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325879086... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Shigefumi Okamoto, Yoshiharu AZUMI, Shinsuke KURUMADA, Susumu KAWAMURA, Masahide Murakami
The purpose of this research is to clarify the influence of difference in size of horizontal diaphragm on shear performance. The subject of research is horizontal diaphragm reinforced with shear key along CLT joints. At first, we confirmed the influence of difference in size of horizontal diaphragm on shear performance by experiment. Next, we confirmed it by numerical analysis of many patterns. As a result, the influence of difference in size of horizontal diaphragm on shear performance was show...

Experimental study of the in-plan stiffness of timber floor diaphragms
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267397105... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Sebastian Fuentes, Fournely Eric, Abdelhamid Bouchair
The mechanical behaviour of horizontal diaphragms is an important parameter in the performance of a building undergoing seismic actions. The behaviour of a timber diaphragm is quite complex due to the local effects of its several components including the nailed connections and the unilateral contact. This study focuses on the experimental results of two timber floors with or without struts tested as diaphragms (blocked or unblocked diaphragm). Experimental set-up, instrumentation, material chara...

Mountain Equipment Co-op Headquarters - Think Wood
https://www.thinkwood.com/projects/mountain-equipm... [Case Study/Projects] [Web Page] 2021
Think Wood
Outdoor retailer Mountain Equipment Co-op ‘s (MEC) head office is a 112,000 square foot hybrid mass timber and steel structure located in Vancouver British Columbia. As Canada’s leading retailer and manufacturer of outdoor gear, MEC chose mass timber products as the primary building material for its performance, renewability and aesthetic qualities....

How Building with Wood Helps Multifamily Developers Succeed
https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/5577290/SMS_ThinkWo... [Markets] [Report] 2019
Joe Bousquin
Wood construction achieves height, density, unique design aesthetics and superior fire safety in apartments and condos...

Calculating the Fire Resistance of Wood Members and Assemblies
https://www.awc.org/pdf/codes-standards/publicatio... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2020
American Wood Council
...

Projected Cross-Laminated Timber Demand and Lumber Supply Analysis
https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/... [Markets] [Journal Article] 2021
Brandt, Kristin Latta, Greg Camenzind, Dane Dolan, James Daniel Bender, Donald Wilson, Alex Wolcott, Michael
The use of cross-laminated lumber (CLT) for building construction has gained interest in the United States (US) and Canada. Although anecdotal market size claims exist, few quantitative studies have estimated the potential market size or discussed the impact of CLT on lumber supply. This paper presents a method to quantify CLT markets and lumber supplies based on data for the Northwest US. The western US was chosen for its early adoption of CLT combined with a long history of commercial timber c...

Experimental investigation of fire resistance of GLT beams
https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/cmem-volumes/8/2... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
L. Kucíková, T. Janda, M. Šejnoha & J. Sýkora
Mechanical and fire loading play together with geometric and material properties of glued laminated timber beams a decisive role in theoretical investigation into the time-dependent fire resistance of these elements. This is a multidisciplinary problem including heat conduction, water evaporation, internal gas pressure evolution, pyrolysis, volume change, etc. If properly calibrated, such complex models should allow us to forecast the evolution and shape of the charred or zero strength layer. It...

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER IN NORTH AMERICA: WHAT CAN WE LEARN?
https://biobus.swst.org/bpbj/index.php/bpbj/articl... [Markets] [Journal Article] 2018
Gabriel Schwarzmann, Eric Hansen, Gunter Berger
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is becoming global. New countries and regions increasingly realize its potential. As an example of a new market, this study analyses the current characteristics of the North American market, as well as its resident companies. Additionally, the historic development of the product is studied. There is the unique opportunity to learn from the existing Original Market in Europe and the companies that have been successful there for many years. The German-speaking alpine r...

Cross‐laminated Timber Plates Subjected to Concentrated Loading
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cross%E2%80%... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Georg Hochreiner, J. Füssl, J. Eberhardsteiner
Since wood products for structural elements, especially cross-laminated timber (CLT), have gained importance in the building sector, the need for appropriate and reliable design codes for such wood products has become essential. For the improvement and development of design concepts, a profound knowledge about the mechanical behaviour of these products is necessary. For this reason, this work focuses on global failure mechanisms and the corresponding evolution of different crack modes in CLT pla...

Evaluation of shear strength by direction of wood grain for Korean pine using PRF adhesive
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317803860... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2016
S.-H. Park, K.-M. Kim, SungJun Pang, J.H. Kong, S.-J. Lee
This study was performed to find out the optimum adhesive conditions on manufacturing a cross-laminated timber (hereinafter CLT) with using domestic Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis). The adhesive conditions including a applied amount of the glue and a Pressure are the one of the most important key factors on establishing CLT production process. The shear strength was examined with differing the adhesive conditions while using Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive (PRF resin). The optimum a...

Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction - Cost Comparison Canada
https://www.cisc-icca.ca/ciscwp/wp-content/uploads... [Economics/Costs] [Report] 2017
National Research Council Canada
This report is intended to provide a realistic allocation of direct and indirect construction costs, time to build, and annual building maintenance costs for the National Research Council Canada, Encapsulated Mass Timber Construction - Cost Comparison, located in Canada....

Albina Yard - Think Wood
https://www.thinkwood.com/projects/albina-yard... [Case Study/Projects] [Web Page] 2021
Think Wood
Albina Yard is a 4-story, 16,000 sq foot commercial office building in Portland, Oregon. Its key feature is the use of mass timber construction—with glue-laminated timber frame and cross-laminated timber panels it’s the first to use domestically fabricated CLT for a building-wide structural system in the United States. The glue-laminated timber frame and CLT panels were fabricated at D.R. Johnson Lumber Co. in Riddle, Oregon....