Ontario’s Tall Wood Building Reference
https://files.ontario.ca/ontarios_tall_wood_buildi... [Tall Buildings] [Report] 2017
David Moses, Mary Alexander, Steven Craft
The target audience for this technical resource includes building officials, fire service, architects, engineers, builders, code consultants and developers and other parties involved in the design and approvals of tall wood noted in Table 1 below. This technical resource is expected to help illustrate to applicants how tall wood buildings could be designed as alternative solutions in a way that achieves the level of performance required by Ontario’s Building Code. A tall wood building is defined...

Moisture diffusion in wood – Experimental and numerical investigations
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311440239... [Moisture/Durability] [Conference Paper] 2016
Bettina Franke, Steffen Franke, Marcus Schiere, Andreas Müller
The hygroscopic behaviour of wood leads to changes in the physical and mechanical properties. The correct estimation of the moisture content is important for the design and life cycle of timber structures. Therefore experimental test series were performed to determine the moisture content distribution over the cross section as a function of loading duration, respecting the glue lines of glulam and block glued cross sections. Alongside, numerical simulations of the moisture diffusion process were...

When designing a mass timber building, what are the key design considerations related to fire ratings, panel thickness/member size, and occupancy?
https://www.woodworks.org/experttip/designing-mass... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Web Page] 2020
WoodWorks
For mass timber projects, selection of construction type is one of the more significant design decisions. While it’s common to choose construction type based on structural material—i.e., to assume that steel and concrete structures should be Type II, light-frame wood should be Type V, and exposed heavy/mass timber should be Type IV—this approach can lead to additional costs. While Type IV construction can be used for exposed mass timber projects, a full understanding of the allowable use of mate...

An engineering model for ignition and extinction of wood flames using bench-scale data
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328931541... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Paul Lardet, Véronique Georges, Lucas Terrei, Mahjouba Nichane
Predicting the fire spread in wooden structure buildings widely uses engineering tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation softwares. These softwares mix several physical models to address a wide range of phenomena, such as heat and mass transfer, pyrolysis, combustion or fluid dynamics. These models must be kept as simple as possible to limit the modelling costs. The behaviour of wooden materials under fire conditions has been extensively studied for several years. The existin...

Analysis of the behavior of multiple dowel timber connections in fire
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263968312... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
M. Khelifa, Amar Khennane, Mohammed El Ganaoui, Yann Rogaume
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Timber under real fire conditions-the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior
https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/... [Fire Performance] [Report] 2016
Schmid, Joachim; Santomaso, Alessandro; Brandon, Daniel; Wickström, Ulf; Frangi, Andrea
As for any building material, verification of fire resistance is mandatory for separating and loadbearing timber members. While non-standard fire design for steel members has long tradition, the corresponding possibilities for timber members are limited. Reasons for this can be found in the degree of complexity of the material and the limited research done in the field. This paper summarizes selected outcomes of test investigating the influences on the charring behavior varying the oxygen conten...

Lateral performance of a Pres-Lam frame designed for gravity loads
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303507112... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Tobias James Smith, Chris Watson, Daniel Moroder, Stefano Pampanin, Andy Buchanan
This paper analyses the lateral load performance of a post-tensioned timber (Pres-Lam) frame which was designed with the primary function of supporting gravity loading. A full scale, two bay frame was used and subjected to quasi-static horizontal displacement. A total of four tests were performed, one with only the post-tensioning cables to resist horizontal loading and three with the addition of sacrificial steel elements externally attached and acting as dissipative reinforcing. This external ...

Resistance of Cross Laminated Timber Members Under Axial Loading - A Review of Current Design Rules
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F97... [Mechanical Performance] [Book/Book Section] 2020
Xin Li, Mahmud Ashraf, Mahbube Subhani, Bidur Kafle, Paul Kremer
Cross laminated timber (CLT) has become an important type of engineered timber product due to its superior material properties, making it suitable for mass timber construction. CLT is manufactured from naturally grown sources, and hence, it offers significant environmental benefit within the construction sector in comparison to its traditional counterparts such as concrete and steel. As a naturally grown material, timber products possess some inherent variabilities in material properties. These ...

A current-state-of-the-art on design rules vs test resistance of Cross Laminated Timber members subjected to transverse loading
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F97... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2020
Xin Li, Mahbube Subhani, Mahmud Ashraf, Bidur Kafle, Paul Kremer
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative and environmentally sustainable engineered timber product which has superior in-plane and out-of-plane bending strength compared to other conventional timber products. CLT panels can be used as both wall and floor elements in low-rise to mid-rise construction. Nevertheless, both shear and bending strength (along with other material properties as well) of CLT panels can vary significantly depending on the species used to manufacture these products. As...

Glulam Mechanical Characterization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261214542... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2012
Hélder S. Sousa, J. M. Branco, Paulo B. Lourenco
The glued laminated timber (glulam) mechanical properties may be evaluated through the determination of the key mechanical properties of the lamellae that compose that element. Simple bending and tension parallel to the grain tests were performed in order to assess the strength class of three glulam elements. Regarding the bending tests, 8 samples were taken from a glulam beam and assessed. Values for the resistant bending tension and both local and global modulus of elasticity were obtained. Fo...

Seismic Performance Improvement of Conventional Timber Brace Using Re-centring Friction Connection
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341580501... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2020
Mohamad Mahdi Yousef-beik, Hamed Bagheri, Sajad Veismoradi, Pouyan Zarnani, Ashkan Hashemi, Pierre Quenneville
The Conventional Timber Brace (CTB) is a simple and economical lateral load resisting system capable of providing a suitable elastic (initial) stiffness, thanks to the stiff behavior of the timber in parallel to the grain direction. However, their inelastic behaviour, appearing in case of major seismic events, is a matter of concern mainly because of the degradation of both ultimate strength and elastic stiffness. This issue is normally cited as the pinching effect in the literature and originat...

Seismic behavior of cross-laminated timber panel buildings equipped with traditional and innovative connectors
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seismic-beha... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
M. Latour, G. Rizzano
The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility to improve the seismic performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel buildings introducing in the structure dissipative connectors in substitution of the classical hold-downs. In fact, as demonstrated by past experimental tests and numerical analyses, hold-downs exhibit a limited dissipation capacity. The proposed dissipative connector is called XL-stub and applies the concept usually adopted for ADAS devices. In order to prove the effectiv...

The Hudson - Think Wood
https://www.thinkwood.com/projects/the-hudson... [Case Study/Projects] [Web Page] 2020
Think Wood
What’s New Blog About Contact Why Wood? Wood + Well-Being Design + Build Fire Safety Durability Resilience Timber Products Light-Frame + Prefab Mass Timber CLT DLT NLT Glulam Softwood Species Sustainability Wood at Home Decking Project Gallery Education Mobile Tour Why Wood? Wood + Well-Being Design + Build Fire Safety Durability Resilience Timber Products Light-Frame + Prefab Mass Timber CLT DLT NLT Glulam Softwood Species Sustainability Wood at Home Decking Project Gallery Education Mobile To...

Experimental Test on Novel Seismic Hold-Downs for Timber Structures
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Experimental... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
X. Zhang, M. Popovski, T. Tannert
The structural use of wood in North America so far was mostly related to low-rise and mid-rise residential light-frame construction. Lately, mass-timber engineered wood products such as laminated-veneer-lumber (LVL) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), enable the use of wood in tall and large wood and wood-based hybrid buildings. Compared to other materials, one of the main advantages of using wood as structural material in tall buildings is the reduction in weight and the resulting reduction in fo...

Fire Safety and Protection: Why Wood Construction Comes Out on Top
https://www.thinkwood.com/blog/fire-safety-protect... [Fire Performance] [Others] 2020
Think Wood
Hear from industry experts about mass timber construction’s proven safety and performance record for fire protection....

Experimental Test on Novel Seismic Hold-Downs for Timber Structures
https://www.wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/WCE... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2016
X. Zhang, M. Popovski, T. Tannert
The structural use of wood in North America so far was mostly related to low-rise and mid-rise residential light-frame construction. Lately, mass-timber engineered wood products such as laminated-veneer-lumber (LVL) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), enable the use of wood in tall and large wood and wood-based hybrid buildings. Compared to other materials, one of the main advantages of using wood as structural material in tall buildings is the reduction in weight and the resulting reduction in fo...

Nail Laminated Timber Construction | NLT Lumber | Think Wood
https://www.thinkwood.com/mass-timber/nlt... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Web Page] 2020
Think Wood
Nail-laminated timber (NLT or nail-lam) is a century-old construction material that is undergoing a design renaissance. Its structural performance and design elegance come together to create inspiring spaces in many historical buildings as well as modern new projects of all sizes....

Mid-Rise 2.0 - Innovative Approaches to Mid-Rise Wood Frame Construction
https://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Midrise.... [Case Study/Projects] [Report] 2017
Canadian Wood Council
Since the 2009 change to the British Columbia Building Code (BCBC) that increased the permissible height for wood frame residential buildings from four storeys to six, more than 300 of these structures have been completed or are underway around the province. Most are located in the core of smaller municipalities and in the inner suburbs of larger ones, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective option for densification than concrete or steel equivalents....

Cross Laminated Timber in the United States Opportunity for Hardwoods?
https://www.woodproducts.sbio.vt.edu/futurehardwoo... [Raw Materials] [Conference Paper] 2016
Omar Espinoza
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Demands Placed on Steel Frameworks of Tall Buildings Having Reinforced Concrete or Massive Wood Horizontal Slabs
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233614946... [Tall Buildings] [Journal Article] 2009
Andi Asiz, Ian Smith
This paper presents the relative demands that alternative floor and roof slab constructions place on the steel frameworks of relatively tall composite construction buildings. Slab types examined were standard steel and reinforced concrete (SRC) composite plates and prefabricated massive wood plates constructed from cross-laminated timber (X-Lam). Case studies for six-storey and 24-storey buildings addressed how the stresses and deflections of the steel framing members are influenced by the choic...