Structural response of fire-exposed cross-laminated timber beams under sustained loads
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306586825... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2016
Seab A. Lineham, Daniel Thomson, Alastair I. Bartlett, Luke A. Bisby, Rory M. Hadden
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a popular construction material for low and medium-rise construction. However an architectural aspiration exists for tall mass timber buildings, and this is currently hindered by knowledge gaps and perceptions regarding the fire behaviour of mass timber buildings. To begin to address some of the important questions regarding the structural response of fire-exposed CLT structures in real fires, this paper presents a series of novel fire tests on CLT beams subjected...

Failure Modes and Mechanical Properties of Bracket Anchor Connections for Cross-Laminated-Timber
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331709903... [Connectors] [Conference Paper] 2018
Yinlan Shen, Johannes Schneider, Siegfried F. Stiemer, Xueyong Ren
The paper presents some experimental data and phenomenon on bracket anchor connections for Cross-Laminated-Timber. The goal of this research is to provide a better understanding of the seismic performance of bracket connections subjected to seismic actions and how to choose and design bracket connections for Cross-Laminated-Timber structures. Test configuration and experimental setups are illustrated in details; cyclic displacement schedules of the connections in two directions are presented con...

Enabling Prefabricated Timber Building Systems for Class 2 to 9 Buildings
https://www.fwpa.com.au/images/marketaccess/2017/F... [Markets] [Report] 2017
David Bylund
This project identifies drivers for and barriers to the increased use of prefabricated timber building systems in Class 2 to 9 buildings. Currently, the use of prefabricated timber building (PTB) systems in Australia is predominantly limited to truss and frame construction in Class 1 buildings, but an increasing number of high profile large scale commercial projects utilising PTB systems suggest that there is growth potential into the commercial building sector. To leverage the momentum currentl...

Development of a windborne debris impact fragility curve for Cross-Laminated Timber using experimental testing
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Other] [Journal Article] 2019
Michael Stoner, Weichiang Pang
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product with high rigidity, dimensional stability, and desirable environmental properties. Because of these characteristics, it presents the potential to resist the impact loads associated with windborne debris in both tornadoes and hurricanes. Full-scale experimental debris impact testing was performed on 3-layer CLT in order to determine its response to debris impact loading scenarios. A variety of missile masses, speeds, and impact locations ...

Out-of-grade sawn pine: A state-of-the-art review on challenges and new opportunities in cross laminated timber (CLT)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2019
Rebecca Cherry, Allan Manalo, Warna Karunasena, Geoff Stringer
Plantation softwood is the future timber material resource for building and construction. However, significant volumes of sawn softwood are considered out-of-grade and sold at a loss. New approaches and methods need to be implemented to value-add out-of-grade timber and increase structural yield from existing plantations. This paper provides a critical review of out-of-grade characteristics of pine timber to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this resource as a structural b...

2017 Best of Design Awards for New Materials - Archpaper.com
https://archpaper.com/2017/12/2017-design-awards-n... [Markets] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2017
Daisy Alioto
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Comparison of multi-storey cross-laminated timber and timber frame buildings by in situ modal analysis
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284013824... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2015
Thomas Reynolds, Daniele Casagrande, Roberto Tomasi
The dynamic properties of two common structural systems for multi-storey timber buildings are compared through in situ testing of completed buildings. The two five-storey buildings examined are identical except for their structural system, which in one is sheathed stud-and-rail timber construction, and in the other a cross-laminated timber panel system. Both also have a reinforced-concrete core located at the centre of one edge of the rectangular plan of each building. An output-only modal analy...

Bending Properties of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) with a 45° Alternating Layer Configuration
http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/v... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2016
Dietrich Buck, Xiaodong (Alice) Wang, Olle Hagman, Anders Gustafsson
Bending tests were conducted with cross laminated timber (CLT) panels made using an alternating layer arrangement. Boards of Norway spruce were used to manufacture five-layer panels on an industrial CLT production line. In total, 20 samples were tested, consisting of two CLT configurations with 10 samples of each type: transverse layers at 45° and the conventional 90° arrangement. Sample dimensions were 95 mm × 590 mm × 2000 mm. The CLT panels were tested by four point bending in the main load-c...

Performance evaluation of multi-storey cross-laminated timber structures under different earthquake hazard levels
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320633666... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2018
Xiaofeng Sun, Minjuan He, Zheng Li, Zhan Shu
The inter-storey drift limitations are meaningful reference values for structural seismic performance evaluation. This paper presents an analytical investigation into the seismic performance of multi-storey cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures to obtain the drift limitations under different earthquake hazard levels reasonably. The Pinching4 model was used to simulate the nonlinear mechanical behavior of three types of connections used in CLT structures, and a numerical model was further devel...

Cross-laminated timber could lead a mid-rise revolution - Archpaper.com
https://archpaper.com/2017/11/cross-laminated-timb... [Markets] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2017
Bill Millard
Engineers specializing in cross-laminated timber (CLT) see its future less in boutique prototype towers, requiring case-by-case demonstrations for approval, than in a meat-and-potatoes mid-rise market. While, according to Colorado State University’s John van de Lindt, “some of those pioneering early CLT buildings are really almost like a partial R&D project in disguise,” he and colleagues predict that the field’s maturation depends on the incorporation of research-driven CLT standards into build...

Elastic and ductile design of multi-storey crosslam massive wooden buildings under seismic actions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251509028... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2011
M. Fragiacomo, B. Dujic, I. Sustersic
The paper discusses the seismic design of multi-storey buildings made from cross-laminated timber panels (‘crosslam’). The use of seismic analysis methods such as the modal response spectrum and the non-linear static (push-over) analysis is discussed at length, including issues such as the modelling of crosslam walls and connections, the evaluation of the connection stiffness, and the schematization of floor panels. It was found that it is crucial to account for the flexibility of the connection...

Numerical Optimisation of Novel Connection for Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326981446... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2018
Hercend Mpidi Bita, Thomas Tannert
This paper presents Finite Element Analyses (FEA) on the performance of a novel hold-down connection, suitable for mass-timber buildings, consisting of hollow circular steel tubes, inserted in Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The FEA models, which account for nonlinear material properties of both timber and steel components, were validated against experimental results. The primary objective of this research was to optimise the connector geometry and material properties to achieve a target yi...

Introducing New Board Lamination to Cross Laminated Timber
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319182900... [Other] [Conference Paper] 2016
Reza Masoudnia
Timber construction has experienced considerable progress in recent years. The implementation of new engineered timber products such as Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) has played a significant role in such progress. An alternative orientation of layers in the CLT family in which transverse layers are glued at two reversed angles 45 ͦ to the longitudinal layers, named as DLT is introduced mostly for beam applications in timber construction. In order to investigate the efficiency of CLT and DLT as be...

Experimental Study of Combustible and Non-combustible Construction in a Natural Fire
https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs106... [Fire Performance] [Journal Article] 2014
Xiao Li, Xia Zhang, George Hadjisophocleous, Cameron Mcgregor
With the adoption of performance-based fire design and the development of new engineered wood products, wood-based mid-rise and high-rise buildings are beginning to be constructed all around the globe. This trend has accelerated efforts to gain more understanding of the risks associated with combustible construction. To compare the differences between combustible and non-combustible construction, a series of full scale fire tests was conducted at Carleton University, the results of which are pre...

Outcomes of the ICC Tall Wood Building Ad Hoc Committee: Tall Mass Timber Provisions in the 2021 I-Codes
https://awc.org/pdf/education/des/AWC-DES607-TMT20... [Standards/Building code] [Report] 2019
Paul Coats, Jason Smart
In early 2016, the ICC Board of Directors approved the creation of an ad hoc committee to explore the building science of tall wood buildings with the scope being to investigate the feasibility of and take action to develop code changes for tall wood buildings. Since that time, the Tall Wood Building (TWB) Ad Hoc Committee has reviewed voluminous materials regarding tall wood buildings, including results of various testing around the world, as well as studies domestically in support of the TWB c...

Impact of board width on in-plane shear stiffness of cross-laminated timber
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Jonas Turesson, SvenBerg, Mats Ekevad
Board width-to-thickness ratios in non-edge-glued cross laminated timber (CLT) panels influence the in-plane shear stiffness of the panel. The objective is to show the impact of board width-to-thickness ratios for 3- and 5-layer CLT panels. Shear stiffnesses were calculated using finite element analysis and are shown as reduction factors relative to the shear stiffnesses of edge-glued CLT panels. Board width-to-thickness ratios were independently varied for outer and inner layers. Results show t...

Evaluation of the effect of knots on rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Yawei Cao, Jason Street, Minghao Li, Hyungsuk Lim
The study experimentally and analytically investigated the effect of knots on the rolling shear (RS) strength of 3-ply southern yellow pine cross-laminated timber (CLT). Center-point bending tests and two-plate shear tests were conducted on six CLT configurations composed of different types of cross layer laminations based on knots conditions (No Knots, Sound Knots, and Decayed Knots) and pith conditions (Pith, No Pith). The shear analogy method was implemented to evaluate the RS strength values...

A comparative study of compression behaviors of cross-laminated timber and glued-laminated timber columns
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2019
Peixing Wei, Brad Jianhe Wang, Hao Li, Libin Wang, Si Peng, Long Zhang
This work investigated the different axial compression behaviors of cross-laminated timber columns (CLTCs) and control glued-laminated timber columns (GLTCs). The average compression modulus of elasticity (MOE) and strength values of the CLTCs were lower than those of the control GLTCs and appeared to be dependent on the area ratio in the axial direction. The column length had different effects on the compression behaviors of CLTCs and GLTCs, and compared with the GLTCs, the CLTCs exhibited enha...

Concrete-Plated Wooden Shear Walls: Structural Details, Testing, and Seismic Characterization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275222645... [Alternative/Hybrid Configurations] [Journal Article] 2015
Luca Pozza, Roberto Scotta, Davide Trutalli, Andrea Polastri, Ario Ceccotti
This paper discusses the structural characterization of a novel hybrid shear-wall system formed by coupling standard platform-frame panels with an external reinforced concrete shelter formed of precast slabs screwed to the wooden frames. The external RC skin is intended as a supplementary bracing system, increasing strength and dissipative capacity of the bare timber frame. The structural performance of such hybrid shear wall under monotonic and cyclic loading was first theorized analytically on...

Elastic response of cross laminated engineered bamboo panels subjected to in-plane loading
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2019
Hector F Archila, Andrew Rhead, Martin P Ansell, Pete Walker, Juan Lizarazo-Marriaga
Novel cross-laminated bamboo panels comprising three and five layers (G-XLam3 and G-XLam5) were tested in compression along the main (0º) and the transverse (90º) direction. Linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) and non-contact 3D digital image correlation (DIC) measuring techniques were used separately to measure deformation in the elastic region and the elastic moduli were derived. Elastic modulus values obtained using LVDTs exhibited a good match with analytically predicted values....