Life Cycle assessment for the production of southeastern softwood lumber
https://corrim.org/wp-content/uploads/Module-C-SE-... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2015
Mike Milota
A cradle-to-gate life cycle inventory was done for construction lumber produced from logs in the Southeast region of the United States. This includes the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. The construction lumber is dimension lumber, 2x4 to 2x12, and studs. Eleven mills (of 14 surveyed) provided data for 2012 lumber and co-product production, raw material and fuel use, electricity consumption, and ...

Evaluation of Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) as Raw Material for Cross-Laminated Timber
https://login.ezp2.lib.umn.edu/login?qurl=https://... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2022
Panel Production, Rafael da Rosa Azambuja, David B. DeVallance, Joseph McNeel
Utilization of low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber would provide for alternative structural lumber sources and promote the growth of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing facilities within the Appalachian Region. A significant amount of low-grade yellow-poplar lumber (i.e., National Hardwood Lumber Association [NHLA] No. 2A and Below Grade) is utilized for wood pallets. In practice, this material is not graded for structural purposes. Additionally, research on yellow-po...

Analytical Study of Cross Laminated Timber FEM Model with Adhesion Surface Modeled by Cohesive Zone Model Under In-Plane Stress
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijs/88/803/8... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Masahiro Matsuda, Shunsuke Sano, Hiroshi Isoda, Minoru Okabe
This paper presents a FEM model that can simulate the in-plane behavior of Cross laminated timber (CLT). In the analytical model, the wood was modeled by orthotropic elasticity and the adhesion surface was modeled by Cohesive Zone Model. In order to verify the accuracy of the analytical model, several previous experiments were simulated. Generally, the good agreement between the analyses and all experimental results was shown, and the in-plane behavior of CLT could be simulated. ...

Reducing the Environmental Impact of Medium-Rise Apartments Built using Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjser/44/1/44... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Kensuke Kobayashi
In this study, we analyzed the environmental impact of medium-rise apartments built using cross-laminated timber (CLT) and compared it to that of reinforced concrete (RC) housing. I found that CLT housing generates lower greenhouse gases (GHGs) than RC housing. To achieve further reductions, it is important to reduce the generation of GHGs during manufacturing of raw-material materials due to the use of biomass fuels in the drying process during the production of CLT. Furthermore, it is essentia...

Exploring the structural design, cost, and durability of Mass Timber noise barrier for highway applications
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-012... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2023
Weichiang Pang, Michael Stoner, Harsh Bothra, Laura Redmond, Patricia Layton
The sound generated from vehicular traffics on highways cause noise pollution. To deal with the traffic noise coming from these highways, noise barriers have been erected across major highways. Currently, the primary material used for highway noise barrier is concrete. This paper explores the use of mass timber as highway noise barrier from a structural design, cost, and durability perspective. ...

An accurate finite element model to study the progressive collapse of post-and-beam Mass Timber buildings
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-036... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2023
Chunhao Lyu, Benoit P Gilbert, Hong Guan, Hassan Karampour, Shanmuganathan Gunalan, William Leggate
AN ACCURATE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL TO STUDY THE PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE OF POST-AND-BEAM MASS TIMBER BUILDINGS The structural behaviour of mass timber buildings under the removal of a load bearing element is complex. To well understand this phenomenon and ultimately develop scientifically based design guidelines against progressive collapse for this type of buildings, there is a need to develop Finite Element models which accurately capture the nonlinear structural responses of such buildings. This p...

Preliminary investigation on safety performance of CLT wall panels under impact and suspension tests
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-002... [Standards/Building code] [Conference Paper] 2023
Gabriela Lotufo Oliveira, Fabiana Lopes De Oliveira
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels are a relatively new construction element of the international construction industry. In Brazil, the manufacture of this technology started about ten years ago. The use of this innovative construction element in the country is still limited. For this reason, many of those who are first introduced to the material express several doubts regarding its applicability. Thus, this paper sought to analyse this type of panel in terms of safety performance, as this is t...

Vibration issues in timber structures: A state-of-the-art review
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
A. Aloisio, D.P. Pasca, Y. De Santis, T. Hillberger
This paper comprehensively reviews recent research on vibration issues in timber structures. The increasing use of timber structures worldwide has brought attention to the challenges posed by their lightweight nature, making them more prone to vibrations than more massive structures. Consequently, significant research efforts have been dedicated to understanding and mitigating vibrations in timber structures, while scientific committees strive to establish suitable design regulations. This study...

Ballistic testing of Cross-Laminated Timber Layups to Further Develop Protective Panels
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-001... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2023
Marco T. Lo Ricco, Mark K. Weaver, C. Adam Senalik, Jim Henjum, Jason Cattelino
Though ballistic projectile penetration of wood has been studied for centuries, standard models overestimate the thickness of wood required to stop projectiles, often by a large margin. Adhesive lamination via contemporary manufacturing methods can produce mass timber panels of unprecedented thickness, yet industry standard layups of softwood cross-laminated timber (CLT) cannot stop projectiles traveling at velocities specified by current protective design requirements. To develop mass timber pa...

Assessment of the Fundamental Period of Multi-Storey Cross Laminated Timber Buildings
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-030... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Conference Paper] 2023
Ebenezer Ussher, Angelo Aloisio, Roberto Tomasi
Cross laminated timber has entered the building industry as an alternative to reinforced concrete with interest for employing them in buildings in high seismic regions because they are lightweight. It is envisaged simplified methods have limitations in predicting design level demands on CLT systems due to the complexities and challenges associated with the material. The objective of this work is assessing the efficiency of proposed analytical methods in predicting the fundamental period (T1) of ...

Effects of Variable Climate Conditions on the Behavior of Post-Tensioned Mass Timber Wall Panels
https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-029... [Moisture/Durability] [Conference Paper] 2023
Jacob Gesh, Esther Baas, Ryan Longman, Mariapaola Riggio, Andre R. Barbosa, Lech Muszynski, Gabriele Granello
Post-tensioned (PT) mass timber rocking walls are innovative lateral force-resisting systems used in resilient seismic design. The system relies on an initial tensioning of wall panels using high-strength steel rods. However, tension losses are known to occur in PT systems over time, especially when these systems are exposed to variable climate conditions. In mass timber rocking wall designs, existing creep models do not allow for reliable prediction of long-term PT losses. Thus, the purpose of ...

Bonding performance of mixed species cross laminated timber from poplar (Populus nigra L.) and maple (Acer platanoides L.) glued with melamine and PUR
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Raw Materials] [Journal Article] 2023
S. Das, M. Gašparík, A.K. Sethy, T. Kytka, G. Kamboj
The study assesses the suitability of lower grade fast-growing poplar lumber in manufacturing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels and its compatibility as a core layer in mixed-species CLT panels. Three-layered CLT panels were prepared from poplar and mixed-species maple-poplar lumber using one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Reference samples were prepared from spruce for comparison....

Understanding structural health monitoring data to support decision-making processes and service life management of mass timber buildings
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/204264... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2023
M. Riggio, M. Dilmaghani, C.A. Sanchez
This study explores the potential benefits of an intentionally designed data scaffolding to support interpretation of SHM data for timber structures. Results suggest that appropriate scaffolding (e.g. pinpointing critical parameter ranges) can enable lay users to better interpret monitoring data of timber structures. Results also suggest that, for more highly educated users, access to graphs linked to metadata can be beneficial. ...

Laboratory measurements of lightweight floating floor systems on cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ince/inc... [Vibration/Acoustic Performance] [Conference Paper] 2023
B. Hunt, A. Wells, M. Rodrigues
Mass timber family of products (including cross-laminated timber - CLT) offer an alternative to fossil fuel-intensive materials for many applications and an opportunity to reduce the carbon footprint of the built environment. However, the use of mass timber in multi-family and commercial buildings presents unique acoustic challenges. Additionally, one of the most desired aspects of mass timber construction is the ability to leave a building's structure exposed as finish, which creates the need f...

Structural design of hybrid steel-timber buildings for lower production stage embodied carbon emissions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Journal Article] 2023
I. Becker, F. Anderson, A.R. Phillips
Using cross laminated timber (CLT) floor panels in combination with steel framing has been identified as a promising new structural configuration that can reduce the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of buildings. This project evaluated efficient structural design of hybrid steel-timber floor sections for a wide range of design parameters to determine the reductions in global warming potential possible relative to a conventional steel-concrete cross section. ...

Wood Diaphragm Deflections. I: Generalizing Standard Equations Using Mechanics-Based Derivations for Panel Construction
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JAEIED.AEE... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
J. Lawson, S. Breneman, M. Lo Ricco
Horizontal wood diaphragm systems, whether decked with conventional or mass timber panels, transfer wind and seismic loads to vertical elements of a lateral force-resisting system (LFRS), in flexible, rigid, or semirigid fashion. Characterizing and calculating the resulting diaphragm deflections determines the distribution of forces to critically loaded components and a significant portion of lateral building translations and rotations. Deflection equations for sheathed wood structural panel (WS...

Wood Diaphragm Deflections. II: Implementing a Unified Approach for Current CLT and WSP Practice
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JAEIED.AEE... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
J. Lawson, S. Breneman, M. Lo Ricco
Horizontal wood diaphragm systems, whether decked with conventional or mass timber panels, transfer wind and seismic loads to vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system, in flexible, rigid, or semirigid ways. Characterizing and calculating the resulting diaphragm deflections will help determine the distribution of forces to critically loaded components and a significant portion of lateral building translations and rotations. Deflection equations for sheathed wood structural panel (W...

Effect of Glue Spread on Bonding Strength, Delamination, and Wood Failure of Jabon Wood-Based Cross-Laminated Timber Using Cold-Setting Melamine-Based Adhesive
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2349... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Yusup Amin, Renaldi Purnomo Adji, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Naresworo Nugroho, Effendi Tri Bahtiar, Wahyu Dwianto, Lina Karlinasari
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a popular engineered wood product due to its innovative properties and rapid development, which involves the use of various wood species and adhesives. This study aimed to assess the effect of glue application on the bonding strength, delamination, and wood failure of CLT made from jabon wood and bonded with a cold-setting melamine-based adhesive at three different rates: 250, 280, and 300 g/m2....

Optimizing Mass Timber Bay Size in terms of Costs and EC Emission
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/h... [Environmental Performance] [Journal Article] 2023
Y.H. OH
The built environment accounts for the largest portion of global carbon emissions. In particular, carbon emissions known as embodied carbon (EC) emitted from traditional building structures such as concrete and steel frames accounts for one-third of the total emissions. In the future, the proportion of EC is expected to increase further and in response to this, a significant amount of studies suggest the use of mass timber structure as a low carbon solution. However, the cost of mass timber is s...

Numerical analysis of CLT shear walls using high-fidelity model: Connection to building system
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/... [Connectors] [Journal Article] 2023
T. Han, S. Tesfamariam
This paper presents an improved user element (UELm) for cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear wall connections by modifying model (UELo) developed for light-timber shear walls. The improvements of the UELm are on post-peak and reloading phases, and utility of the proposed model is validated with connection and CLT shear wall test data. Parametric analysis, including vertical load, foundation stiffness, and window opening area ratio (WOAR), is conducted on different wall configurations....