A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Mid-Rise Office Building Construction Alternatives: Laminated Timber or Reinforced Concrete
https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/36433... [Environmental Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2011
Adam Blake Robertson
The objective of this project aimed to quantify and compare the environmental impacts associated with the construction of a mid-rise office building. Two alternative scenarios were considered; a traditional cast-in-place, reinforced concrete frame and a laminated timber hybrid design, which utilized engineered wood products including glulam and cross-laminated timber (CLT). The study boundary was cradle-to-gate and encompassed the structural support system and the building enclosure. A case stud...

Comparisons of the Production Standards for Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Europe vs. USA
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307736169... [Standards/Building code] [Conference Paper] 2016
Timothy M. Young, Marius C. Barbu, Daniel P. Hindman, Josef Weissensteiner, Eugenia M. Tudor
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is a new engineered wood product that has experienced rapid growth and market acceptance for residential and non-residential construction in western and central Europe. Potential exists for rapid market adoption in North America if manufacturing capacities are developed. Dissemination of information on CLT North America markets, manufacturing capabilities, and product standards are the next key steps for facilitating investment in CLT manufacturing capacities in Nort...

Overview of Codes and Standards Affecting Mid-rise Construction
http://www.awc.org/pdf/education/des/AWC-DES510-Mi... [Standards/Building code] [Presentation] 2014
Michelle Kam-Biron
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Transition to Sustainable Buildings - Strategies and Opportunities to 2050
https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2013
International Energy Agency
Buildings are the largest energy consuming sector in the world, and account for over one-third of total final energy consumption and an equally important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Achieving significant energy and emissions reduction in the buildings sector is a challenging but achievable policy goal. Transition to Sustainable Buildings presents detailed scenarios and strategies to 2050, and demonstrates how to reach deep energy and emissions reduction through a combination of bes...

Strategies for sustainable construction: Building with wood in China
http://www.canadawood.cn/downloads/pdf/technical-l... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2017
Canada Wood
This paper aims to investigate the energy saving and carbon reduction performance of cross-laminated timber residential buildings in the severe cold region of China through a computational simulation approach. The authors selected Harbin as the simulation environment, designed reference residential buildings with different storeys which were constructed using reinforced concrete (RC) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) systems, then simulated the energy performance using the commercial software IES...

Eurocode 5: Deisgn of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings
http://www.phd.eng.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/e... [Standards/Building code] [Standard] 2008
European Committee for Standardization
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Modernising Building Energy Codes to Secure our Global Energy Future
https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/... [Environmental Performance] [Report] 2013
United Nations Development Programme, International Energy Agency
Buildings are the largest consumers of energy worldwide and will continue to be a source of increasing energy demand in the future. Globally, the sector’s final energy consumption doubled between 1971 and 2010 to reach 2 794 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), driven primarily by population increase and economic growth. Under current policies, the global energy demand of buildings is projected to grow by an additional 838 Mtoe by 2035 compared to 2010 (IEA, 2012a), which is equivalent to th...

A computational approach for the modelling of rolling shear cracks in cross-laminated timber structures
http://www.sci-en-tech.com/ICCM2015/PDFs/1318-3928... [Mechanical Performance] [Conference Paper] 2015
E.I. Saavedra Flores, K. Saavedra, R. Das
This paper addresses the computational modelling of rolling shear cracks in cross-laminated timber structures. In order to predict the structural response, four spatial scales are interlinked within a multi-scale modelling framework. Material information is taken from the wood cell-wall at the order of few nanometers, wood fibres with dimensions of some micrometers and growth rings described by a few millimeters. A computational homogenisation scheme is adopted to determine the effective mechani...

Construction Concerns: Cross Laminated Timber
http://www.fireengineering.com/content/dam/fe/onli... [Fire Performance] [Magazine/Newspaper Article] 2013
Gregory Havel
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Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in the Context of Wood Building Systems
http://www.woodusematrix.com/database/rte/files/CL... [General Information] [Presentation] 2011
Erol Karacabeyli, Richard Desjardins
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Cross Laminated Timber - The Market Opportunities in North America
http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/CLT-Co... [Markets] [Presentation] 2011
M. Mohammad
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Contribution of cross laminated timber panels to room fires
https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/a2ebdee... [Fire Performance] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2013
Cameron James McGregor
This thesis describes a series of 5 tests that were conducted at Carleton University Fire Research Laboratory to assess the contribution of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels to the development, duration and intensity of room fires. The tests were conducted in rooms constructed from 105 mm thick 3-Ply CLT panels and measured 3.5m wide by 4.5 m long by 2.5 m high. Propane and furniture fires were used with the CLT panels in protected and unprotected configurations. Data was collected on Heat Rel...

Cross laminated timber
https://ac.els-cdn.com/B9781782424543000081/3-s2.0... [General Information] [Book/Book Section] 2015
R. Harris
Cross laminated timber (CLT), also known as X-Lam, has enabled much innovation in the use of wood in building construction. As its production has increased over the years since 2005, it has become widely used (Lowenstein, 2011). This chapter will introduce CLT by tracing its background in research. An explanation of the manufacturing process follows and a description of the materials used. The section on mechanical characteristics explains how the properties are derived. Structural products are ...

Cross Laminated Timber in the United States Opportunities and Challenges
http://www.forum-holzbau.com/pdf/58_IHF_2015_Espin... [Markets] [Conference Paper] 2015
Omar Espinoza, Urs Buehlmann, Maria Fernanda Laguarda-Mallo
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A component approach for the hysteric behaviour of connections in cross-laminated wood structures
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eqe.231... [Seismic Performance] [Journal Article] 2013
Giovanni Rinaldin, Claudio Amadio, Massimo Fragiacomo
In this paper, a numerical model to estimate the dissipative capacity and describe the cyclic response of cross-laminated (X-lam) timber buildings is presented. The connections between panels and to the foundation (metal hold-downs and angle brackets, and screwed connectors) are modelled with nonlinear hysteretic multispring elements taking into account the strength interaction between different degrees of freedom according to a predefined domain. The timber components (solid X-lam floors and wa...

Cross Laminated Timber Technology: Manufacturing, Materials and Specification
http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2014-S... [General Information] [Presentation] 2014
Bryan Radling
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A Composite System Using Ultra High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete and Cross-Laminated Timber
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/... [Design/Architectural aspects] [Thesis/Dissertation] 2016
Mengyuan Chen
The application of cross-laminated timber (CLT) as floor panels is limited by excessive deflection and vibration. A composite system combining CLT and ultra high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) was developed to extend span limits. Push-off tests were conducted on different connectors, and a glued-in rod connector was chosen and further refined for the proposed system. Static bending tests and free vibration tests were conducted on bare CLT panels and two composite specimens. By co...

Components and Consequences of Cross-Laminated Timber Delamination
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F97... [Moisture/Durability] [Book/Book Section] 2016
Richard Emberley, Arne Inghelbrect, Nicholas Doyle, Jose L. Torero
Mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber are increasingly being used in tall timber building designs. The high-density wood used in mass timber products has a natural self-extinguishment capacity which chars only under exposure from an external heat flux. This makes timber a suitable building material giving timber buildings the potential to withstand full fire burnout of the building furnishings. However, ply delamination poses a significant challenge as the loss of the char layer ex...

Cross laminated timber properties including effects of non-glued edges and additional cracks
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs0... [Mechanical Performance] [Journal Article] 2017
John Narin
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is usually comprised of multiple timber layers having alternating grain directions. Because individual boards are glued on their faces between layers, but usually not glued on their edges within layers, those edges define “precracks” in the composite. When exposed to differential thermal and moisture expansion after installation, CLT, like all cross-laminated composites, is prone to formation of “additional cracks”. Confidant CLT design must be able to account for ch...

Cross laminated timber (CLT): overview and development
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs0... [General Information] [Journal Article] 2016
R. Brandner, G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, A. Thiel
Cross laminated timber (CLT) has become a well-known engineered timber product of global interest. The orthogonal, laminar structure allows its application as a full-size wall and floor element as well as a linear timber member, able to bear loads in- and out-of-plane. This article provides a state-of-the-art report on some selected topics related to CLT, in particular production and technology, characteristic material properties, design and connections. Making use of general information concern...